■> 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  {MT-3) 


A 


>  4^< 


'^ 


1.0 


1.1 


11.25 


IttlM    125 
Jjiti   122 

2.0 


itt 

■tt 

u 


14.0 


Hiotographic 

^Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRHT 

WIBSTIR.N.Y.  l4Sm 

(71*)  •72-4503 


L1>^ 


\^ 


<^ 


^'^y^'^^ 

"^U* 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVi/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  d«  microraproductions  historiquas 


Tachnical  and  Bibliographic  Notaa/Notas  tachniquaa  at  bibiiographlquaa 


Tha  Inatituta  haa  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  baat 
original  copy  avaiiabia  for  filming.  Faaturaa  of  thia 
copy  which  may  ba  bibllographically  uniqua, 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagaa  in  tha 
raproduction,  or  which  may  aignificantly  changa 
tha  uaual  mathod  of  filming,  ara  chackad  balow. 


D 


D 


D 
D 


D 


n 


Colourad  covara/ 
Couvartura  da  coulaur 


I     I   Covara  damagad/ 


Couvartura  andommagAa 

Covara  raatorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Couvartura  raataurAa  at/ou  palliculAa 


I      I   Covar  titia  miaaing/ 


La  titra  da  couvartura  manqua 


I      I   Colourad  maps/ 


Cartas  gAographiquas  w\  coulaur 


□   Colourad  inic  (i.a.  othar  than  blua  or  black)/ 
Encra  da  coulaur  (i.a.  autra  qua  blaua  ou  noira) 

I     I   Colourad  platas  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planchaa  at/ou  illustrations  an  coulaur 

Bound  with  othar  matarial/ 
RaliA  avac  d'autras  documants 

Tight  binding  may  causa  shadows  or  distortion 
along  Intarior  margin/ 

La  r9  liura  sarrie  paut  causar  da  I'ombra  ou  da  la 
distortion  ia  long  da  la  marga  intMaura 

Blank  laavas  addad  during  rastoration  may 
appear  within  tha  taxt.  Whanavar  possibia,  thasa 
have  baan  omittad  from  filming/ 
II  sa  paut  qua  cartainaa  pagas  blanchas  ajouttes 
lors  d'una  rastauration  apparaiaaant  dans  la  taxta, 
mais,  lorsqua  cala  ttait  possibia,  cas  pagas  n'ont 
pas  tt^  filmtes. 

Additional  commants:/ 
Commantairas  supplAmantalras; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm*  la  maillaur  axamplaira 
qu'll  lui  a  4t4  possibia  da  aa  procurar.  Laa  details 
da  cat  axamplaira  qui  sont  paut-Atra  uniquas  du 
point  da  vua  blbliographiqua.  qui  pauvant  modif  iar 
una  imaga  raproduita,  ou  qui  pauvant  axigar  unA 
modification  dana  la  mithoda  normala  da  filmaga 
aont  indiquia  ci-dassous. 


I     I   Colourad  pagas/ 


\/ 


D 


Pagaa  da  coulaur 

Pagas  damagad/ 
P^gas  andommagtes 

Pagas  raatorad  and/oi 

Pagas  raatcurtes  at/ou  pallicultes 

Pagas  discoloured,  stained  or  foxa« 
Pages  dAcolortes.  tachet6es  ou  piquAes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pagas  dttachtes 


I — I  Pagas  damaged/ 

I     I  Pagas  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

r~y1  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I      I  Pages  detached/ 


Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


r^   Quality  of  print  varies/ 


Quality  inAgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  material  supplAmentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Lea  pagas  totalement  ou  partiaiiement 
obacurcies  par  un  feuiilet  d'errata,  une  pelure. 
etc..  ont  M  film^es  A  nouveau  da  fapon  A 
obtenir  la  meilieure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  ImIow/ 

Ce  document  eat  film*  au  taux  de  riduction  indiqui  ci-deaaoua. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

»X 

y/ 

12X 

lix 

20X 

a4X 

28X 

32X 

Tht  copy  filmed  h«r«  hat  b««n  r«produe«d  thanks 
to  tha  ganaroaity  of: 

Stminary  of  Quabae 
Library 


L'axamplaira  film*  fut  raproduit  grica  k  la 
g4n4roalt*  da: 

Mmiiwirt  id*  Qii4bte 
BibliothAqut 


Tha  imagaa  appaaring  hara  m  tha  bast  quality 
posslbia  eonaldaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  In  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spacificationa. 


Original  eopias  in  printad  papar  obvara  ara  fllmad 
beginning  with  tha  front  eovar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  iliiistratad  impras* 
sion.  or  tha  back  eovar  whan  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  ara  fllmad  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printad  or  illustrated  imprea- 
sion.  and  anding  on  tha  laat  paga  with  a  printad 
or  iiiuatratad  impression. 


The  lest  recorded  freme  on  eaoh  microfiche 
shell  contain  the  symbol  «•»•  (meening  "CON> 
TINUED").  or  the  symbol  V  Imeening  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Les  imeges  suiventes  ont  4ti  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compta  tenu  de  le  condition  et 
de  le  nettet*  de  i'Mompieire  film*,  et  en 
conformit*  evec  les  conditions  du  contrst  de 
filmege. 

Lee  exempleires  originsux  dont  le  couverture  en 
pepier  est  ImprimAe  sont  filmAs  en  commen^ant 
par  le  premier  plot  et  en  terminent  soit  par  la 
darnlAre  pegs  qui  eomporte  une  empreinte 
dimpreealon  ou  d'illuatration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  caa.  Toua  lea  autrea  exempleires 
originaux  aont  filmte  an  commenpant  par  la 
pramiire  page  qui  eomporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustretion  et  en  terminsnt  per 
la  darnlAre  page  qui  eomporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  dee  eymbolee  euivanta  apperettre  sur  la 
dernlAre  Imege  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — »>  signifis  "A  SUIVRE".  Is 
symbols  ▼  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  pistes,  charts,  stc.  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  retios.  Those  too  lerge  to  be 
entirely  included  In  one  expoeure  ara  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  comer,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  aa  many  framaa  ae 
required.  The  following  diegrems  illustrste  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc..  peuvant  itre 
fiimis  i  des  taux  de  reduction  diffirents. 
Loraque  le  document  eat  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  aeul  cliehA.  il  est  film6  i  partir 
da  Tangle  aup^riaur  gauche,  de  gauche  a  droite. 
et  de  heut  en  bes,  en  prenent  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diogrammes  suivants 
iiiuttrent  le  m^thode. 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

THE 


FIRST  BOOK  OF  HIS^ 


COMBINED   WITH 


GEOGRA 


RONOLOGY, 


BY   JOHN   G.    SHEA. 


NEW    YORK: 
D.  &  J.  SADLIER  &  CO.,   164  WILLIAM  STREET. 

BOSTON:   128   FEDERAL  STREET 
MONTREAL:  CORNER  OK  NOTRE  DAME   AND  ST.    FRANCIS  XAVIER   STS. 


:*',.< 


V''' 


'\ 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1864,  by 

D.  k  J.  SADLIER  &  CO., 

In  the  Cleric's  Office  of  tlie  District  Court  of  the  United  States,  for  the 

Southern  District  of  New  Yorls. 


"■  •. '';-;,<*" 


^■■i 


■fj 


IV 


Vh 


Stareotyped  by  VINCENT  DILL, 

S9  A  81  BeekniM  St.,  N.  V. 


■.>?;?  i. 


A-Jk 


PREFACE. 


le 


This  work,  intended  as  a  First  Book  for  nse  in  oor  Schools, 
is,  OS  snch,  presented  to  the  public.  To  follow  up  the  first 
ideas  of  Geography  by  a  small  History,  is  undoubtedly  the 
best  method,  but  in  adopting  the  usual  plan  of  a  division 
into  Ancient  and  Modern  History  the  child  is  lost:  he  no 
longer  recognizes  the  countries  about  which  he  has  already 
gained  some  idea. 

In  the  plan  here  adopted,  which  is  not  however  new,  the 
child  is  still  better  grounded  in  his  notions  of  Geography,  and 
at  the  same  time  acquires  a  knowledge  of  the  History  of  each 
country  down  to  the  present  time  ;  and  on  taking  up  a  larger 
work  will  have  a  definite  idea  of  the  various  countries  men- 
tioned in  Ancient  and  Medieeval  History,  without  being  com- 
pelled to  study  separately  a  work  on  Ancient  Geography. 

Should  the  present  attempt  meet  the  approbation  of  teachers, 
it  will  be  followed  by  a  Second  Book  of  History,  on  a  more 
extended  scale,  retaining,  however,  as  far  as  possible,  the  plan 
adopted  in  this. 


1. 


ft  PREFACE. 

The  compiler,  who  has  drawn  his  matter  from  original 
sources,  and  left  the  track  of  preceding  compendinms,  will 
cheerfally  receive  such  suggestions  as  practical  teachers  may 
give  after  a  trial  of  it.  Added  to  which,  the  publishers  have 
spared  no  pains  nor  expense  in  passing  the  work  through  the 
press,  as  will  be  apparent  from  the  number  and  superior  execu- 
tion of  the  illustrations,  which  are  adapted  to  the  capacity  of 
the  juvenile  student ;  the  maps  also  may  prove  of  much  assist- 
ance to  teacher  and  scholar,  as  an  easier  reference  at  the 
moment  than  having  to  displace  a  class  to  refer  to  a  larger 
map. 

It  would  be  idle  to  give  any  directions  as  to  its  use,  hince 
two  teachers  rarely  agree  in  their  mode  of  instruction ;  yet  the 
author  would  urge  that  the  maps,  so  conveniently  placed,  should 
be  really  used  in  class,  and  made  the  object  of  lessons  during 
the  period  devoted  to  the  study  of  the  historical  portion. 


New  Tobk,  October,  1854. 

'iiti::'i'- ^ivi^i'^  vuM^i.  --   .-••:;  i-'^, 


,..<;     {,. 


^    ■-■■  ,        ■■■    ,-T.^;V,^!^:     '    - 


I . 


1  ( 


■■.•■..> 


:  • 


CONTENTS. 


■**<■ 


Divisiona  of  the  Earth,   .        .13 

Geography  of  Asia,     .        .  14 

Map  of  Asia,  ....  15 

Questions  on  the  Map  of  Asia,  lU 

History  of  Asia,      ...  18 

The  Creation,      ...  20 

History  of  the  People  of  God,  26 

The  Israelites  in  Egypt,      .  29 

Departure  of  the  Israelites,    .  31 

The  Kings 37 

Chronology  of  the  Bible,        .  45 
Empires  of  Asia — Babylon  and 

Assyria,  .        .        .        .46 

Persia,        ....  49 

China, 51 

Chronology  of  China, .        .  59 

Japan, 60 

Arabia — The  Saracens,       .  62 

Tartary,          ....  69 

Siberia,       .        .        .        .  72 

Hindostan  or  Indir         .        .  73 

Farther  India,     ...  77 

Chronology  of  India,      .        .  79 

General  Chronology  of  Asia,  80 

Map  of  Africa,        .        .        .  81 
Questions  on  the  Map  of  Africa,  82 


Geography  of  Africa, 

Egypt, 

Nubia  and  Abyssinia, 

Barbary  States,  . 

Other  Aft-ican  States, 

Chronology  of  Africa, 

Map  of  Europe, 


Fkg* 
83 
86 
98 
96 
98 
99 

100 


Questions  on  the  Map  of  Europe,  101 
Geography  of  Europe,  .  .102 
Greece,  .  .  .  .  103 
Turkish  Empire,  .  .  .112 
Modern  Greece,  .  .  .  114 
Chronology  of  Greece,  .  .114 
Italy — The  Roman  Republic — 

The  Popedom,         .        .    116 
Chronology  of  Italy,  .  127 

Spain  and  Portugal,  .  .  128 
Chronology  of  Spain  and  Por- 
tugal, .  .  .  .134 
France,  ....  134 
Chronology  of  France,  .  .  142 
England,  ....  143 
Chronology  of  England,  .  155 
Scotland,  ....  156 
Chronology  of  Scotland,         .    160 

Ireland, 160 

Chronology  of  Ireland,  .    167 


VUl 


CONTENTS. 


Page 

Germany,  ....  167 
Switzerland,  .        .        .    173 

Prussia,  .  .  .  .  176 
Ctironology  of  Germany,  .  178 
Holland  and  Belgium,  .  179 
Denmark,  Norway  and  Sweden,  181 
Chronology,  .  .  .  .185 
Poland,  .  .  .  .  186 
Ctironology  of  Poland,  .  .188 
Russia,  .  .  .  .  188 
Chronology  of  Russia,  .  .  190 
General  Chronology  of  Europe,  191 
Map  of  North  America, .  .  193 
Questions  on  the  Map  of  North 

America,  .        .        .     194 

Geography  of  North  America,  195 
Iceland  and  Greenland,  .  197 
Discovery  of  Columbus,  .    199 

Spanish  America — The  West 
Indies,  ...        200 

Mexico, 201 

The  British  Possessions  in  North 

America — Canada,       .        204 
Nova  Scotia  and  New  Bruns- 
wick,   ....        207 


The  United  States, 

Florida,  .... 

Virginia— New  York, 

New  England, 

Maryland,    .... 

Colonies  generally, 

Louisiana,  .... 

Colonies  in  general. 

The  Revolution, 

The  Republic, 
Map  of  South  America, 
Questions  on  the  Map  of  South 

America, 
Brazil,    . 
Spanish  Republics, 
Guiana,  . 

Chronology  of  America, 
Questions  on  Oceanica, 
Geography  of  Oceanica, 
History  of  Malaysia, 
History  of  Australasia, 
History  of  Polynesia, 
Chronology  of  Oceanica, 
The  Church,    . 


209 
210 
211 
212 
214 
215 
220 
221 
223 
228 
233 

234 
235 
236 
241 
243 
245 
247 
248 
249 
252 
256 
257 

■  y,  •' 
'-  . 


■'  1 


■\   ), 


ri  ji..-:  '•^'<.      '■ 


u 


yr.i: 


..^.-fv'v 


I 


/■» 


^f 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


PRigLIMINARY   CHAPTER. 

THE    EARTH. 

Q.  What  is  the  Earth? 

A.  The  Earth  is  a  small  planet,  moving  aroand  the  san. 

Q.  Are  there  many  other  planets  ? 

A.  There  are  many  other  planets,  all  moving  aroand  the 
sun.  They  can  be  seen  at  night  and  all  look  like  the  stars,  but 
when  we  learn  Astronomy  we  can  distingtush  them. 

Q.  What  are  the  stars? 

A.  The  stars  are  believed  by  many  to  be  suns,  each  one 
having  its  own  planets  moving  around  it,  but  these  are  so  far 
away  that  we  cannot  see  them,  even  with  the  strongest  tele- 
scope. 

Q.  What  is  the  Universe  ? 

A.  The  Universe  is  all  that  God  created,  including  the  sun 
and  its  planets,  the  stars,  and  all  that  live  and  move  in  them. 

Q.  Do  we  know  anything  of  the  other  planets  ? 

A.  We  do  not  know  anything  of  the  other  planets  except 
their  motions,  nor  of  the  stars  except  their  position.        *     ^ 

Q.  What  is  Astronomy? 


10 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


A.  ABtronoroy  is  the  science  whicli  teaches  us  al  .'t  the 
motions  of  the  planets,  their  distance  from  the  sou,  ^^d  all 
that  has  been  learned  as  to  the  heavenly  bodies.  ^• 

Q.  In  what  way  is  Astronomy  useful  ? 

A.  Astronomy  is  of  great  use  in  navigation,  as  it  enables 
ships  to  cross  the  ocean,  where  there  are  no  landmarks  to 
guide  them  on  the  way. 

Q.  Do  we  know  much  of  our  own  planet?  " 

A.  In  our  days  almost  all  parts  of  ou*  planet  are  known  to 
us,  and  we  can  learn  about  the  different  countries  that  compose 
it,  the  different  races  of  men,  the  various  kinds  of  animals, 
plants,  metals  and  minerals  to  be  found  in  different  parts.       '^J 

Q.  What  is  Geography  ? 

A.  Geography  is  a  description  of  the  various  divisions  of  the 
earth,  and  the  different  countries  in  each. 

Q.  What  things  in  particular  does  Geography  tell  us  ? 

A.  Geography  tells  us,  that  this  earth  is  round  like  a  ball, 
that  the  surface  is  composed  of  land  and  water,  that  the  land 
is  intersected  by  large  bodies  of  water  called  oceans  and  seas, 
and  is  crossed  by  streams  of  water  called  rivers.  It  tells  us 
that  the  earth  is  in  some  places  level,  in  others  very  elevated, 
and  called  mountains.  Geography  tells  us  that  men  in  differ- 
ent countries  differ  in  complexion,  language,  religion,  dress, 
habits  and  manners,  and  are  in  this  way  distinguished  and 
separated  from  each  other.  .  . 

Q.  What  is  History? 

A.  History  is  an  account  of  the  important  events  that  have 
occurred  in  various  countries.  Some  histories  tell  about  all 
countries,  others  about  only  one,  as  the  History  of  England, 
or  the  United  States.  In  this  book  we  shall  see  a  little  about 
the  history  of  all  the  different  countries.       i  «   >.  •?;:  *  *' 


THE   KAJtTB. 


Q.  How  far  back  does  History  go  ? 

A.  The  history  of  the  world  extends  back  to 
which  occurred  aboat  six  thousand  years  ago, 

Q.  How  do  we  know  anything  about  the 

A.  We  should  not  know  anything  about  th 
had  not  revealed  it  to  men  and  inspired  a  hoi 
Moses  to  write  it  down  for  our  instruction 
that  did  not  know  the  Bible,  had  very  foolish  accounts j 
thr  rrf-ation.     Many  supposed  the  world  to  have  been 
or  brought  up  from  the  depths  of  the  water  by  a  tortoise. 

Q.  How  do  we  know  the  history  of  the  world  after  the 
creation  of  man  ? 

A.  The  history  of  mankind  for  a  considerable  period,  and 
of  the  Jews  down  to  our  Saviour's  coming,  is  contained  in  the 
Bible,  written  by  inspired  men.  This  is  called  sacred  history. 
Every  nation  had  its  own  account  of  its  origin,  but  the  early 
parts  are  full  of  silly  fables.  This  is  called  profane  history. 
In  modern  times  things  are  written  down  as  they  happen  and 
more  correct  accounts  can  be  given. 

Q.  How  do  we  know  what  to  believe  in  profane  history  and 
the  works  on  modern  times? 

A.  In  many  things  related  in  profane  history  we  cannot  tell, 
whether  they  were  true  or  not ;  in  modern  history,  we  should 
know  who  the  writer  is,  for  perhaps  he  writes  only  in  favor 
of  his  own  country,  or  his  own  religion. 

Q.  What  is  necessary  then  in  studying  History  t 

A.  In  studying,  or  reading  history,  we  should  use  only  books 
which  good  and  capable  persons  tell  us  may  be  safely  read. 

Q.  Is  History  an  interesting  study?  vi* 

A.  History  is  very  interesting,  because  all  people  like  to 
hear  accounts  of  other  times  and  countries.    We  like  to  read 


12 


FIRST  BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


abont  onr  first  parents,  about  the  Deluge,  the  Jewish  people, 
onr  Saviour  and  his  apostles.  We  like  to  hear  about  the  great 
conquerors  Sesostris,  Alexander,  Ceesar,  Attila,  Napoleou,  and 
of  the  great  empires  that  have  existed  in  the  world.  We  like 
to  hear  how,  when  all  Europe  was  buried  in  paganism  and 
idolatry,  it  was  converted  to  Christianity,  how  our  own  ances- 
tors left  their  idols  and  received  the  priests  and  monks  sent  to 
convert  them,  how  many  nations  at  last  changed  their  religion 
again  and  formed  the  various  sects. 

Q.  What  other  interesting  things  are  there  in  History  ? 

A.  History  tells  us  how  America  was  discovered,  and  settled 
by  various  nations  in  Europe,  how  the  Indians  were  in  many 
parts  driven  out  so  that  we  do  not  see  them  :  how  our  ances- 
tors settled  this  country,  and  being  oppressed  by  England, 
joined  together  and  drove  out  the  jrilnglish,  and  then  made  it  a 
new  country  called  the  United  States. 

Q.  Is  History  important  ? 

A.  History  is  not  only  interesting,  it  is  important.  It 
holds  up  for  our  imitation  the  lives  of  the  good  and  holy  per- 
sons in  every  rank  who  have  served  God ;  it  shows  us  that 
though  the  good  may  suflFer  and  the  wicked  triumph,  God  pun- 
ishes, even  in  this  life,  the  crimes  of  men  and  of  whole  nations. 

Q.  In  what  way  is  the  history  of  the  world  generally  divided  ? 

A.  The  history  of  the  world  is  generally  divided  into  anci- 
ent and  modern  history.  Ancient  history  comprises  all  that 
occurred  from  the  Creation  to  the  birth  of  our  Saviour,  and 
modem  history  what  has  happened  since  that  time.  The 
birth  of  onr  Saviour  begins  the  Christian  era,  and  dates  are 
reckoned  from  it :  thus  the  Creation  took  place  4004  B.  C. 
(that  is,  before  Christ),  the  American  Revolutioc,  1116,  A.  C. 
(after  Christ.) 


THE   EARTH. 


^P 


'fiJ^ 


Map  of  the  World. 

'''''"  DIVISIONS   OF   THE   EARTH.       ■ 

Q.  What  are  the  great  divisions  of  the  earth  ? 

A.  There  are  on  the  globe  two  great  oceans,  the  Atlantic 
and  the  Pacific,  between  these  lie  the  two  great  continents, 
the  Eastern  and  Western.  The  Eastern  Continent  is  divided 
into  Europe,  Asia  and  Africa ;  the  Western  Continent  is 
divided  into  North  and  South  America.  Besides  these,  there 
are  a  great  number  of  islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  the  largest 
of  which,  Australia,  is  sometimes  called  a  continent.  These 
islands  generally  are  called  Oceanica. 

Q.  In  which  continent  were  the  human  family  created  ? 

A.  Adam  was  created,  and  the  first  men  lived  in  Asia,  in 
the  Eastern  Continent  about  five  thousand  miles  from  us,  and 
from  Asia  tiiey  spread  to  all  other  parts  of  the  world. 

Q.  Where  then  does  the  earliest  History  commence  ? 

A.  History  therefore  begins  in  Asia. 


H 


FIRST   BOOK   OF  HISTOBT. 


CiEOGRAPHT    OF    ASIA.  .^ , 

Q.  In  what  part  of  the  Eastern  Continent  is  Asia?  ^ 

A.  Asia  lies  in  the  northeast  part  of  the  Eastern  Continent. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Arctic  Ocean,  west  by 
Europe,  south  by  the  Indian  Ocean  and  east  by  the  Pacific, 
which  separates  it  from  North  America. 

Q.  What  can  you  tell  us  of  the  surface  of  Asia,  its  rivers 
and  seas  ? 

A.  The  interior  of  Asia  is  a  vast  plain,  in  some  parts  desert; 
lofty  mountains  run  from  west  to  east,  on  both  sides  of  these 
plains.  Some  summits  are  the  highest  in  the  world.  From 
these  mountains  come  some  of  the  largest  rivers  in  the  world, 
the  Indus,  Ganges,  Burrampooter,  Hoangho,  Kiangku,  and 
Amour.  ■ 

Q.  What  is  the  climate  of  Asia,  and  its  soil? 

A.  The  climate  in  the  north  is  extremely  cold,  especially  on 
the  Pacific,  and  the  soil  poor;  in  the  south  the  climate  is 
warm,  and  the  land  fertile. 

Q.  What  are  the  chief  productions  of  Asia  ? 

A.  The  chief  productions  of  Asia  are  rice,  on  which  the 
mass  of  the  people  subsist,  cotton  and  silk  used  for  their 
dresses,  tea,  coffee,  spices,  fragrant  woods  and  many  useful 
drugs. 

Q.  What  are  the  animals  peculiar  to  Asia  ? 

A.  The  animals  peculiar  to  Asia,  or  nearly  so,  are  the  lion, 
tiger,  elephant,  camel,  rhinoceros,  the  enormous  snake  called 
the  bo.a-constrictor,  and  the  bird  of  paradise.  j^ 

Q.  What  are  the  chief  divisions  of  Asia  now  ? 

A.  The  chief  divisions  of  Asia  now,  are   Siberia,  or  th6 


GEOGRAPHY   OF   ASIA. 


15 


MAP     OF     ASIA. 


•^J:  : 


or  the 


16 


FIRST   BOOK   OF  HISTORY. 


9rA 


'^i^^i 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  ASIA. 


%■ 


fc. 


■I 


-I- 


1.  Bound  Asia. 

2.  What  coantry  lies  on  the  north  ? 

3.  What  empire  iu  the  East  ?    Of  what  is  the  Chinese  Empire  com- 
posed ?    ^ns.  Of  China,  Chinese  Tartary  and  Thibet. 

4.  What  country  lies  between  the  Chinese  Empire  and  the  Caspian  Sea  ? 

5.  What  country  lies  between  Independent  Tartary  and  the  Persian 
Gulf. 

6.  What  peninsula  lies  between  the  Persian  Gulf  and  the  Red  Sea? 
What  is  a  peninsula  ? 

7.  What  country  north  of  Arabia? 

8.  What  country  in  the  south-east  ?    How  is  India  divided  ?    H.  B. 
S.  A. 

9.  What  ocean  lies  on  the  north ?    On  the  east?    On  the  south. 

10.  What  mountains  between  China  and  Siberia?  .^      v\ 

11.  ^Vhat  mountains  between  Siberia  and  Europe  ?  ; 

12.  What  mountains  north  of  Persian  Empire  and  Hindostan? 

.    13.  What  three  large  rivers  in  Siberia?     What  three  in  the  Chinese 
Empire  ?    A.  H.  and  Kiang-Ku. 

14.  What  river   in  Anam?    ^ns.  Irrawaddy.     What  three  in  Hin- 
dostan?   ^ns.  Indus,  Ganges  and  Burrampooter. 

15.  What  two  seas  are  in  Asia?    What  seas  on  the  borders  of  Asia? 
B,  M,  R,  Sea  of  A,  C,  Y,  J,  O. 

16.  In  what  country  is  Jerusalem?    j3n».  Turkey.    Pekin?    Jeddo? 
Mecca?    Calcutta?    Ava?    Hue?    Bokhara? 

17.  Where  is  Corea?     Japan?     Ceylon?     The  Philippine  Islands? 
NovaZembla?        "     ,    ;      "'  >  ,'.'  •    I 


•I 


If 


^ :  «,-»v"     »•  • 


^^iv-^^ 


4 


GEOGRAPHY    OV    ASIA. 


It 


Rassian  dominibns  in  the  north,  the  Chinese  Empire  in  the 
middle  and  east,  and  the  British  possessions,  or  India  in  the 
Bonth.  Besides  these,  there  are  in  the  west  Turkey  in  Asia, 
Persia,  Arabia,  Tartary,  and  in  the  east  the  Empires  of  Anam 
and  Barmah  and  some  smaller  states. 

Q.  Has  Asia  always  been  divided  in  the  same  way  ? 

A.  Asia  has  at  different  times  been  otherwise  divided,  and 
various  parts  had  other  names.  China  and  Japan  are  however 
the  oldest  empires  in  the  world. 

Q.  What  can  you  tell  of  the  language,  religion  and  man- 
ners of  these  nations  ? 

A.  These  nations  differ  greatly  in  language,  religion  and 
manners.  Some  are  quite  learned  and  civilized,  and  have 
made  great  progress  in  the  arts.  None  of  these  countries, 
however,  are  Christian,  and  many  barbarous  and  cruel  cus- 
toms prevail. 

Q.  What  are  the  prevailing  religions  in  Asia  ? 

A.  The  prevailing  religions  are  the  Mahomedan,  in  the 
west,  that  of  Buddha  in  the  Chinese  Empire,  Farther  India 
and  Japan,  and  that  of  Brahma  in  India.  Christians  are  to 
be  found  in  all  the  Asiatic  countries,  chiefly  in  the  west. 

Q.  What  is  the  population  of  Asia  ? 

A.  Asia  is  very  populous  and  contains  500  millions  of  peo- 
ple, more  than  all  the  rest  of  the  world  together,  and  almost 
all  of  these  are  pagans.  How  grateful  we  should  be  that  we 
were  not  born  in  the  midst  of  idolatry. 


ti 


FIRST   BOOK   OP  HISTORY. 


s. 


?f  : 


Ancient  Tombs  at  Petra. 


HISTORY    OF    ASIA. 

Q.  In  which  division  of  Asia  did  the  greatest  ancient  king- 
doms flourish  ? 

A.  The  greatest  and  most  interesting  nations  in  ancient 
times  flourished  in  what  is  now  called  Turkey  and  Persia: 
these  were  the  Jews,  Assyrians  and  Babylonians  in  Turkey, 
and  the  Medes  and  Persians  in  Persia. 

Q.  What  is  the  condition  of  these  countries  now  ? 

A.  Turkey  is  now  in  a  very  reduced  condition,  having  been 
repeatedly  conquered  and  ravaged  by  diflferent  nations.    It  is 


HISTORY   OF   ASIA. 


19 


governed  by  the  Turks  who  give  it  its  name.  Persia  is  in  a 
more  flourishing  condition.  Both  are  fertile,  and  were  once 
highly  cultivated  and  abounded  in  wealth. 

Q.  How  is  Turkey  bounded  ? 

A.  Turkey  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Black  Sea,  east 
by  Persia,  west  by  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  the  Archipelago  and 
the  Mediterranean,  and  south  by  Arabia. 

Q.  How  was  Turkey  anciently  divided? 

A.  Turkey  was  anciently  divided  into  several  states.  Troy, 
and  afterwards  Asia  Minor  in  the  northwest,  Armenia  in  the 
northeast,  Syria  and  Palestine  in  the  southwest,  and  Nineveh 
and  Babylon  in  the  southeast. 

Q.  What  are  the  rivers  and  mountains  of  Turkey  ? 

A.  The  chief  mountains  are  the  Taurus  range  and  the  moun- 
tains of  Eoordistan;  the  Euphrates,  Tigris  and  Jordan  are 
the  chief  rivers. 


■fl    ii ,  i      i'     i:    ^li     i. 


20 


FIRST   BOOK   OF  HISTORY. 


n 

I! 


THE    CREATION. 

1.  We  shall  now  tell  you  how  this  world  was  created,  and 
then  we  shall  proceed  with  the  history  of  man,  from  Adam 
who  was  the  first  of  all.  The  account  of  the  Creation  which 
we  give,  is  found  in  the  Bible,  which  was  inspired  by  God;  it 
is  therefore  true,  and  no  other  can  be. 

2.  God  created  the  world  at  first  dark  and  bare,  enveloped 
in  a  deep  mist;  nothing  existed  but  rocks  and  water;  there 
were  no  trees,  no  shrubs,  not  a  blade  of  grass,  nor  any  living 

1.  Where  do  we  get  the  account  of  the  Creation?    Why  are  we  cer- 


(  ^ 


THE    CREATION. 


21 


crcatare ;  all  was  dark  and  silent  and  desolate.  Sach  was  the 
earth  as  it  first  assumed  form. 

'  3.  At  the  word  of  God,  light  appeared  and  purified  the  air, 
and  the  darkness  rolled  away.  God  then  began  to  adorn  the 
earth  and  prepare  it  for  the  abode  of  man,  for  whom  he  had 
created  it.  First  of  all,  on  the  third  day,  he  made  the  plants, 
from  the  blade  of  grass  to  the  tall  oak,  and  the  earth  was  now 
clothed  in  beauty  and  verdure.  Then  God  created  the  sun, 
the  moon,  and  the  stars,  and  made  them  centres  M  light,  and 
all  the  planets  began  in  their  orbits  to  move  around  the  sun. 

4.  On  the  fourth  day,  God  first  formed  living  creatures  to 
inhabit  this  beautiful  world.  At  his  command,  the  sea  pro- 
duced the  birds  of  every  kind  which  fly  in  the  air,  and  the  fish 
which  glide  through  the  waters.  Then  the  forestis  echoed  with 
music,  and  the  brilliant  hues  of  the  songsters  enlivened  the 
green  leaves  of  the  wood.  On  the  fifth  day,  God  created  all 
the  quadrupeds  and  reptiles  of  every  size  and  kind,  from  the 
tiny  mouse  to  the  great  elephant,  some  fitted  for  warm  cli- 
mates, others  for  the  coldest  regions. 

5.  When  God  had  thus  created  the  world,  adorned  it  and 
peopled  it  with  animals  of  every  kind,  he  at  last,  on  the  sixth 
day,  created  man  to  enjoy  it.  Adam  was  the  first  man.  God 
placed  him  in  the  garden  of  Eden,  a  Paradise  of  pleasure,  and  soon 
after  formed  from  his  side  Eve,  the  first  woman,  to  be  his  com- 
panion and  wife.    On  them  God  imposed  but  one  condition  : 


tain  of  it?  2.  How  was  the  world  when  first  created?  3.  What  ap- 
peared at  the  word  of  God?  What  did  God  create  the  third  day? 
AVliat  on  the  fourth?  4.  What  on  the  fifth?  What  on  the  sixth? 
5.  WHiat  did  God  create  last  of  all?  Where  did  he  place  Adam? 
What  condition  did  he  impose  on  our  first  parents?    6.  What  was  the 


Ll 


li 

n 
f' 


22 


FIRST    BOOK    OF    HISTORY. 


he  forbid  them  to  eat  of  the  fruit  of  one  tree,  called  the  "Tree 
of  the  knowledge  of  good  and  evil." 

6.  Adam  and  Eve  enjoyed  the  greatest  happiness  in  each 
other's  society,  in  the  converse  of  angels  and  of  God  himself ; 
they  were  free  from  all  care,  sickness  and  troable  ;  they  suffered 
neither  from  the  seasons,  nor  from  hunger ;  all  animals  obeyed 
them  and  their  days  glided  on  in  the  most  unalloyed  happiness; 
free  to  enjoy  all  in  the  garden  except  the  single  tree,  of  which 
God  had  forbidden  them  to  eat. 

t.  God  had  created  beings  superior  to  man,  the  spirits  called 
Angels.  Some  of  these  rebelled  against  God  and  were  de- 
prived of  the  happiness  of  heaven.  God  permitted  Satan 
their  chief  to  tempt  man.  Eve  listened  to  the  tempter,  she 
eat  of  the  forbidden  fruit,  and  offered  some  to  Adam  who  also 
eat.  By  this  sin  all  was  changed.  They  became  subject  to 
sickness  and  death ;  they  were  driven  from  Paradise ;  the 
earth  no  longer  produced  fruit  of  itself ;  they  were  compelled 
to  labor  in  order  to  procure  food,  and  to  shelter  themselves 
from  the  animals,  most  of  which  now  became  fierce  and  cruel. 

8.  All  this  was  the  consequence  of  one  sin  ;  but  besides  this 
they  lost  all  right  to  heaven,  though  God  to  console  them  in 
their  misery,  promised  that  a  Redeemer  should  arise  among 
their  descendants  who  would  restore  them  to  his  favor.  By 
believing  in, this  promised  Redeemer  and  avoiding  sin,  they  and 
their  descendants  might  yet  obtain  heaven.  Thus  God  has 
always  punished  sin,  here  and  hereafter.    Happy  we,  if  truly 


state  of  Adam  and  Eve?  7.  What  other  beings  had  God  created?  What 
had  some^of  them  done?  What  did  God  permit  them  to  do?  How  did 
our  first  parents  fall?  8.  What  was  all  this  the  consequence  of?  What 
consolation  did  God  give  them?     9.  How  did  Adam  and  Eve  live? 


THE    CREATION. 


as 


in  each 
bimself  *, 
J  suffered 
la  obeyed 
lappiness; 

of  wbicb 

,irit8  called 
i  were  do- 
tted Sa^a'* 
smpter,  sbe 

nn  wbo  also 
B  subject  to 
jiradise;  the 

e  compelled 
x  tbemselveB 
:ce  and  cruel. 
[t  besides  tbis 

,ole  tbem  ia 
arise  among 

As  favor.    By 
sin,  tbey  and 

:bu8  God  bas 

)y  we,  if  truly 

[  created^ 


contrite,  wo  obtain  pardon  through  the  merits  of  Christ,  and 
atono  in  this  world  for  our  transgressions. 

9.  Adam  and  Eve  lived  many  hundred  years  and  great  num- 
bers of  children  and  descendants  grew  up  around  them.  Of 
these  Cain  was  the  oldest.  He  was  a  wicked  man,  and  al- 
though he  knew  how  much  misery  came  from  one  sin,  and  how 
necessary  it  was  to  please  God,  he  offended  him  and  offered 
him  in  sacrifice  only  the  poorest  of  the  productions  of  his  field, 
for  he  cultivated  the  earth.  When  he  saw  that  God  was 
pleased  with  his  brother  Abel,  Cain  resolved  to  kill  him,  and 
blinded  by  passion,  committed  a  dreadful  murder.  Thus  one 
sin  leads  to  another,  and  a  neglect  or  indifference  in  our  reli- 
gious duties  leads  to  the  greatest  crimes. 

10.  After  committing  this  murder  Cain  fled  away  with  his 
wife  and  children.  His  life  was  constantly  tormented  by  fear, 
and  when  his  family  increased  he  built  a  strong  city  to  live  in. 
His  descendants  are  noted  as  wicked  but  skillful  and  ingenious 
men.  They  discovered  the  use  of  metals,  worked  mines,  made 
tools,  invented  tents,  musical  instruments  and  many  other  arti- 
cles for  pleasure  or  comfort.  ,;       .  ' 

11.  The  descendants  of  Seth,  another  son  of  Adam  formed 
a  nation  by  themselves.  They  were  less  enterprizing  than  the 
children  of  Cain,  but  they  were  good  and  served  God.  At 
last,  however,  by  mingling  with  the  wicked  and  marrying 
among  them,  they  became  as  wicked  as  they.  See  how  dan- 
gerous it  is  to  associate  with  those  who  are  bad ;  we  soon  be- 
come like  them. 

12.  As  men  liad  grown  wicked,  God  resolved  to  destroy 


What  do  you  know  about  their  children?    10.  What  did  Cain  do  then? 
11.  What  did  the  descendants  of  Seth  do?    12.  What  did  God  resolve 


it 


i 


M  FIRST  BOOK  OF  HISTORY. 

them  all  except  a  pious  man,  named  Noe,  and  his  family  <:on- 
sisting  in  all  of  eight  persons :  so  few  were  there  pleasing  to 
him.  To  give  them  time  to  repent,  God  announced  to  Noe, 
that  he  wduld  destroy  the  world  by  a  deluge,  and  ordered  him 
to  build  the  Ark,  that  is,  the  chest,  for  it  was  a  largo  ship, 
closed  in  like  a  chest.  Noe  was  a  hundred  years  building  it 
and  all  that  time  urged  men  to  return  to  God:  but  theyridi- 
ciilcd  him  and  continued  to  live  in  sin.  This  seems  very  fool- 
ish, but  wc  act  so,  whenever  we  remain  in  sin  without  seeKicr 
to  recover  God's  grace. 

13.  The  time  for  the  Deluge  came  at  last :  Noe  entered  the 
ark  with  his  family,  and  couples  of  all  kinds  of  beasts.  The 
sea  rose,  and  the  rain  poured  down  in  torrents  for  forty  days 
and  forty  nights,  so  that  the  whole  earth  was  covered  with 
water  above  the  tops  of  the  highest  mountains,  and  all  men 
and  other  living  creatnjs  on  the  face  of  the  earth  were  de- 
stroyed. This  occinred  1656  years  after  the  Creation,  2348 
years  before  the  coming  of  Christ.  -  y,    ,.,{;, 

14.  After  the  expiration  of  forty  days  the  waters  began  to 
subside,  but  it  was  not  till  the  expiration  of  a  year  that  the 
Ark  rested  on  Mount  Ararat  and  the  earth  became  dry.  Then 
Noe  and  his  family  went  out,  and,  raising  an  altar,  offered  up  a 
sacrifice  to  God,  to  thank  him  for  his  mercy  to  them  in  this 
awful  punishment  inflicted  on  the  guilty. 

15.  The  whole  earth  was  now  greotl\  changed ;  the  mass 
of  waters  on  the  earth  weakened  the  r*i'.i!;/th  of  all  created 
beings.  Noe  and  his  family  were  t  c  o::!y  '^uubers  v..  aie 
human  family,  and  the  length  of  their  life  was  reduced,  al- 
to do?  Wbat  did  God  order  Noe  to  do?  13.  What  came  at  last?  What 
iid  '» oe  do?  14.  How  did  the  Deluge  end?  Where  did  the  Ark  rest? 
\;s.  >Vaat  w*s  the  effect  of  the  Deluge?    16.  What  foolish  attempt  did 


i 


TIIK    CRKAflOW. 


26 


imUy  ':on- 
Icaslng  to 
d  to  >'oe, 
:dered  Viim 
largo  bI"P. 
building  it 
ittheyTidi- 
8  very  fool- 
lout  BCCiiicS 

'  .,«.  "  •'11  ■    ■  '• 

5  entered  tbo 
beasts.    The 
or  forty  days 
covered  ^^»<^^ 
^  and  all  men 
larth  were  de- 


.eation,  2348 


aters  began  to 
year  tbat  the 
^medry.    Then 
^ar,  offered  up  a 
to  tUem  in  tliw 

.uged  -,  the  mass 
•  U  of  all  creattvl 
aubera  v-    -»« 
was  reduced,  ^^' 

.edidtheArkTC^t. 
foolish  attempt  did 


tliouj^h  they  now  began  to  uso  fitronger  food  and  oat  the  flesh 
of  uiiinials. 

16.  As  the  descendants  of  Noe  hicrcascd  in  niimhors  tliey 
sjH'oud  along  to  the  valley  of  t!ic  Tigris  and  Euphrates  Wlieu 
tl. 'j'  i'  id  become  quite  numerous,  some  proposed  to  build  a 
irtv  r.  "»3  top  of  which  should  reach  to  heaven.  God  wjw 
(li^pleas'xl  at  the  folly  and  impiety  of  their  design  and  ron- 
i  unded  their  tongues,  that  is,  ho  changed  their  language,  so 
that  they  could  not  understand  each  other.  They  were  now 
"oinpclled  to  abandojj  the  tower,  thence  called  Babel,  or  Ton- 
fusion,  anvl,  separating  from  each  other,  spread  to  different 
countries,  wlicrp  their  descendants  formed  the  various  nat  »ns 
which  now  people  the  earth,  differing  from  each  other  iu  iiu- 
guago,  complexion  and  customs,  for  all  were  changed. 

n.  The  earliest  nations  that  established  regular  goven  - 
ments,  and  formed  kingdoms  whose  history  can  be  traced,  were 
Babylon,  Assyria,  Egypt  and  China.  Some  families  roamed 
off  alone  and  subsisted  by  hunting  and  fishing ;  these  lost  all 
knowledge  of  the  arts,  and  much  other  knowledge  then  handed 
down  by  tradition.  In  this  way  they  became  ignorant  and 
savage.  Others  kept  together,  and  by  aiding  each  other,  ad- 
vanced in  civilization.  By  degrees  however,  all,  both  barbar- 
ous and  civilized  forgot  God  and  fell  into  various  kinds  of 
idolatry.  Only  one  family,  which  afterward  became  a  nation, 
worshipped  him  faithfully;  and  we  shall  first  give  their  history, 
Ithough  their  kingdom  in  its  greatest  prosperity  was  small 
and  inconsiderable.  It  is,  however,  so  connected  with  the  his- 
tory of  the  true  religion  and  of  civilization,  that  we  begin  with  it. 

the  descendents  of  Noo  make?  17.  Which  are  the  oldest  nations?  What 
BOOQ  spread  thi'ough  till  uatlous? 

3 


1 


26 


FIRST   BOOK    OF   HISTORY. 


I! 


Moses  smiting  the  Rock. 

HI8T0R¥  OF  THE  PEOPLE  OF  GOD. 

1.  The  children  of  Sem,  one  of  the  sons  of  Noe,  were  more 
faithful  than  the  rest  to  the  service  of  God.  Four  hundred 
years  after  the  Deluge,  however,  there  were  few  even  of  thera 
who  had  not  become  corrupted.     Among  those  who  still  con- 


1.  What  family  was  more  faithful  to  God?     Who  was  Abraham? 


HISTORY    OF    THE    PEOPLE    OF    GOD. 


2t 


tinued  to  worship  God  was  Abraham,  a  descendant  of  Sem, 
who  dwelt  among  the  Babylonians,  or  Chaldees. 

2.  The  Chaldees  had  now  almost  all  fallen  into  idolatry, 
and  worshipped  the  sun  and  fire.  They  began  to  erect  tem- 
ples to  them,  and  their  priests  offered  sacrifice  to  inanimate 
things,  to  creatures  instead  of  offering  them  to  God.  This 
form  Df  idolatry  is  called  Sabaism,  and  it  prevailed  all  over  the 
world. 

3.  To  save  Abraham  and  his  descendants  from  being  per- 
verted by  the  bad  example  of  the  Chaldees,  God  ordered  him 
to  leave  bis  country  and  go  to  live  in  the  land  of  Chanaan,  as 
Syria  was  then  called.  Here  Abraham  and  his  family  settled 
with  then*  flocks  and  herds,  and  their  numerous  servants  and 
herdsmen,  for  he  was  very  rich  and  powerful,  and  though  never 
styled  a  king  was  as  mighty  as  any.  He  defeated  some  of 
them  in  battle,  and  was  honored  by  them  all. 

4.  God  made  to  Abraham  a  promise  that  the  Messias  should 
be  born  in  his  family,  and  repeated  it  to  Isaac,  the  son  and  suc- 
cessor of  Abraham.  On  the  death  of  Isaac,  his  son  Jacob  be- 
came the  heir  of  the  promise.  Jacob  is  also  called  Israel ;  he 
had  twelve  sons,  whose  descendants  formed  the  twelve  tribes 
of  Israel. 

5.  Tip  to  this  time,  the  descendants  of  Abraham  dwelt  in 
Chanaan,  but  in  the  time  of  Jacob  they  went  down  into  Egypt. 
One  of  his  sons,  Joseph,  was  his  favorite,  and  his  brothers  soon 
disliked  Joseph  on  that  account.  Other  causes  increased  their 
dislike,  and  when  he  told  them  of  a  dream,  in  which  he  saw 


2.  Into  what  had  the  Chaldees  fallen?    3.  What  order  did  God  give 
Abraham?    What  did  Abraham  do?    4.  What  promise  did  God  make 


Abraham?    Who  succeeded  Abraham? 


Who  followed  Isaac  ?   5.  Where 


^11 


28 


FIRST   BOOK   OP   HISTORY, 


H    : 


n 


i  'I 


f 


■■ ' 


himself  raised  above  them  all,  they  determined  to  kill  him. 
One  of  the  brothers,  wishing  to  save  Joseph,  told  them  to 
throw  him  into  a  well,  and  he  then  went  away  to  get  help  to 
save  him.  During  his  absence  some  merchants  came  by,  and 
the  wicked  brothers,  changing  their  mind,  sold  Joseph  as  a 
slave.  They  then  took  his  robe,  and  sprinkling  it  with  blood, 
took  it  to  their  father,  pretending  that  a  wild  beast  had  de- 
stroyed Joseph. 

6.  In  the  meantime  that  poor  young  man  was  hurried  away, 
and  sold  at  last  in  Egypt  to  Potiphar,  a  high  officer  in  the  court 
of  the  king.  Here  he  lived  for  some  time  in  peace,  till  Poti- 
phar's  wife  accused  him  falsely  of  a  crime,  and  poor  Joseph 
was  thrown  into  prison.  God,  however,  befriended  the  inno- 
cent— he  gave  Joseph  power  of  interpreting  dreams :  and 
this  soon  became  known  by  two  cases  which  occurred  in  the 
prison.  .    .iv.i-^.;"'       ^':  :f:'v  ,:^>  ^-"- ,  •  va.  >-;  ■■:  ^-^•. 

1.  At  last  the  king  had  a  dream  which  none  could  explain  ; 
and  hearing  of  Joseph  sent  for  him.  Joseph  told  him  that  his 
dream  was  a  sign  from  God,  that  there  were  to  be  seven  years 
of  great  abundance,  to  be  followed  by  seven  of  great  scarcity. 
He  also  advised  the  king  to  gather  up  all  the  grain  he  could 
for  seven  years,  so  that  when  the  famine  came,  there  would  be 
plenty  to  eat  in  his  kingdom.  The  king  was  so  pleased  that 
he  made  Joseph  his  prime  minister  and  gave  him  all  power  iu 
Egypt. 

8.  After  the  seven  years  of  plenty,  the  famine  came  on 
Egypt  and  all  the  countries  around,  and  men  and  cattle  perished 


•  I, 


had  the  descendants  of  Abraham  lived  thus  far?  "Who  was  Joseph? 
What  is  his  story?  6.  What  became  of  Joseph  in  Egypt?  7.  How 
was  he  released?    To  what  office  was  he  raised?    8.  Who  sent  down  to 


7 


HISTORY  OF  THE  I'EOPLE  OF  GOD. 


99 


because  they  had  nothing  to  satisfy  their  hunger.  Jacob  with 
his  family  suflFered  like  the  rest,  but  hearing  that  there  was 
plenty  of  provisions  in  Egypt,  he  sent  his  sons  there  to  pur- 
chase a  supply.  Joseph  recognized  them,  though  he  was  not 
recognized.  Treating  them  as  spies,  he  detained  one  till  his 
brother  Benjamin,  whom  he  dearly  loved,  was  brought ;  then 
he  declared  to  them  who  he  was,  and,  sending  for  his  father, 
brought  the  whole  family  to  Egypt,  where  they  settled  in  the 
land  of  Gessen,  or  Goshen. 


THE   ISRAELITES   IN   EGYPT. 

9.  The  Israelites  soon  became  so  numerous  as  to  excite  the 
jealousy  of  the  Egyptians,  who  having  been  oppressed  by  a 
pastoral  tribe,  hated  the  Israelites,  who,  like  them,  lived  by 
their  flocks  and  herds.  One  of  the  kings  compelled  the  Jews 
to  labor  in  making  bricks,  and  building  walls  and  fortresses 
in  various  parts  of  the  country.  Although  these  labors  were 
constantly  increased  the  Israelites  remained  as  numerous  as 
ever,  and  the  wicked  king  passed  a  cruel  law  ordering  every 
Ijoy  to  be  put  to  death  as  soon  as  he  was  born.  Many  inno- 
cent children  perished  in  this  way. 

10.  Some  of  the  Israelite  women  saved  their  children.  One 
of  them,  the  mother  of  Moses,  concealed  her  child  for  several 


Egypt  for  food?    9.  How  did  the  Israelitea  prosper  in  Egypt?    What 

3* 


,'i  ' 


1 


r 


\. 


■ 


[   : 


W 


30 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


months,  but  fearing  discovery  put  hira  in  a  basket,  and  set  it 
floating  down  the  Nile,  while  her  little  daughter  ran  along  the 
shore  to  watch  it.  At  last  it  drifted  to  the  shore,  just  were 
the  king's  daughter  came  down  to  bathe.  The  princess  re- 
solved to  save  the  handsome  babe,  and  the  sister  of  Moses 
asked  her  whether  she  should  run  and  get  a  Hebrew  woman 
to  nurse  it,  and  brought  her  mother,  who,  full  of  joy  and  grati- 
tude to  God,  received  her  child  from  the  princesc  and  took 
it  home. 

11.  Moses  had  been  adopted  by  the  princess,  and  after  re- 
maining a  few  years  with  his  mother,  was  taken  to  court  and 
educated  there  in  all  the  learning  of  the  Egyptians,  then  the 
most  civilized  nation  in  the  world.  They  were,  however,  ignor- 
ant of  God,  and  worshipped  animals  and  even  vegetables,  such 
as  leeks  and  onions.  By  this  we  see  that  all  human  science 
and  knowledge  will  not  lead  us  to  a  knowledge  of  God  and 
of  truth.  In  this  pagan  court  Moses  preserved  the  worship 
of  the  true  God,  for  his  mother  had  carefully  instructed  him. 
What  a  blessing  it  is  to  have  parents  to  instruct  us,  and  how 
weak  and  wicked  it  is  to  disown  our  religion  for  those  whom 
the  world  calls  great,  or  learned,  or  fashionoble.  . 

12.  When  Moses  was  forty  years  old,  he  killed  an  Egyptian 
in  attempting  to  defend  an  Israelite,  and  fearing  the  anger  of 
the  king,  he  fled  away  to  the  Madianites  in  Arabia,  who  were 
like  him  descended  from  Abraham  and  worshipped  the  true 
God.  Here  Moses  remained  several  years,  till  God  ordered 
him  to  return  and  lead  the  Israelites  cut  of  Egypt.    Moses 


cruel  laws  were  made?  10.  What  child  was  saved  by  his  mother? 
11.  Where  was  Moses  educated?  What  was  the  religion  of  the  Egyp- 
tians?   How  did  Moses  behave  at  court?    12.  What  happened  when 


HISTORY   OF  THE   PEOPLE   OF  GOD. 


81 


and  set  it 
I  along  the 
,  just  were 
)rinccss  re- 
•  of  Moses 
rew  woman 
'  and  grati- 
:  and  took 

id  after  re- 
>  court  and 
IS,  then  the 
rever,  ignor- 
•tables,  such 
man  science 
of  God  and 
the  worship 
tructed  him. 
us,  and  how 
those  whom 

an  Egyptian 
the  anger  of 
ia,  who  were 
ped  the  true 
God  ordered 
rypt.    Moses 

jy  his  mother? 
n  of  the  Egyp- 
happened  when 


went  to  the  king  and  told  hlra  of  the  orders  of  God,  but  the 
king  would  not  obey,  and  Moses  by  the  command  of  the  Al- 
mighty struck  Egypt  with  several  plagues ;  the  country  was 
overrun  with  insects  of  various  kinds,  and  with  frogs,  the  rivers 
were  turned  into  blood,  plagues  and  diseases  swept  oflf  thou- 
sands of  the  people  and  cattle,  but  the  king  was  inexorable, 
until  God  sent  a  destroying  angel  to  kill  the  eldest  son  in 
every  house.  Then  the  wicked  king  gave  them  leave  to 
depart. 


-^. 


DEPARTURE  OF  THE  ISRAELITES.        ■> 

1.  When  the  Pharaoh,  or  king  of  Egypt  at  last  gave  the 
permission  to  depart,  Moses  and  the  Israelites  set  out  for  the 
land  of  Chauaan  to  the  number  of  six  hundred  thousand,  with 
numerous  flocks  and  herds.  When  the  king  saw  that  they 
were  gone,  he  repented  of  what  he  had  done,  and  raising  a 
large  army,  started  in  pursuit  and  came  in  sight  of  them,  just 
as  the  Israelites  reached  the  banks  of  the  Red  Sea.  In  this 
emergency  Moses  stretched  his  hand  over  the  sea ;  a  passage 
opened  ;  the  waters  stood  like  a  wall  on  either  side  and  the 
Israelites  passed  through ;  the  Pharaoh  followed,  but  when 


Moses  was  forty  years  old?    To  what  country  did  he  flee?    Why  did 
he  return  to  Egypt? 

1.  Describe  the  departure  of  the  Israelites?    How  did  they  pass  the 


32 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


Moses  reached'  the  opposite  side  lie  again  stretched  his  hand 
over  the  sea,  and  the  Egyptians  all  perished. 


V'  h 


^' 


•■■*.-: 


Israelites'  Passage  of  the  Red  Sea. 

2.  After  this,  God,  on  Mount  Sinai,  gave  his  law  to  Moses, 
engraving  the  ten  chief  commandments  on  two  tablets  of  stone. 
He  also  instituted  a  regular  form  of  worship,  made  Aaron  his 
high-priest,  and  gave  very  minute  directions  as  to  the  manner 
in  which  his  worship  was  to  be  conducted  and  his  temple  to  be 

Red  Sea?    2.  "WLat  ocCTirred  at  Mount  Siuai?    What  was  the  first  tern- 


HISTORY   OF  THE   PEOrLE   OF  GOD. 


33 


his  hand 


,\v  to  Mosos, 
ets  of  stone, 
e  Aaron  his 
the  manner 
temple  to  be 


arranj^ed.  The  first  temple  was  only  a  tent  or  tabernarlo,  but 
after  the  Israelites  reached  the  land  of  Clianaan  a  temple  of 
stone  was  built  for  the  service  of  the  Almighty. 

3.  After  marching  across  a  small  portion  of  Arabia,  they 
came  near  Chanaan,  but  the  Israelites,  who  were  a  stubborn 
people  and  had  already  fallen  into  idolatry,  refused  to  enter  the 
])roiuisod  land,  because  the  people  were  powerful  and  valiant. 
For  this  and  other  sins,  God  compelled  them  to  wantler  for 
forty  years  in  the  deserts  of  Arabia.  After  that  time  they 
reached  the  river  Jordan  and  Moses  died,  but  Josuc,  his  suc- 
ccj^sor,  led  the  people  through  the  river,  and  entered  the  country 
which  they  had  so  long  sought. 


IS  the  first  tem- 


SacriAce. 


t 


84 


FIRST   BOOK    OF   HISTORY. 


i  ii  ■ 


ft 


■itu 


4.  The  Chanaanites  made  a  vigorous  resistance  and  fought 
many  hard  battles,  but  Josue  was  miraculously  aided  by  the 
Almighty,  he  defeated  all  the  nations,  and  divided  the  country 
among  the  tribes  of  the  Israelites,  each  tribe  having  a  separate 
section  of  the  country,  except  the  tribe  of  Levi,  who  were 
priests  and  attendants  on  the  temple.  As  long  as  Josue  lived 
he  ruled  the  people,  and  after  his  death  they  were  governed  by 
the  High-priests  or  by  the  Judges,  who  were  holy  prophets 
raised  up  by  God. 

5.  The  Judges  governed  Israel  for  356  years,  and  during 
this  period  the  tribes  were  often  subdued  by  surrounding  na- 
tions, whom  God  raised  up  against  them  to  punish  their  idolatry. 
Sometimes,  too,  they  made  war  against  each  other,  and  one 
tribe  was  almost  entirely  destroyed.  Of  the  Judges  who  go- 
verned during  this  period,  the  greatest  were  Gedeon  and  Samson. 

6.  Gedeon  was  raised  up  by  God  to  deliver  his  people  fi'om 
the  Madianitcs,  and  he  succeeded  in  this  way.  He  took  three 
hundred  men  and  gave  each  a  trumpet  and  a  lamp  covered  by 
an  earthen  jar.  With  these  he  advanced  by  night  close  to  the 
enemy's  camp,  and  at  a  word  of  command  each  broke  the  jar 
and  began  to  sound  his  trumpet.  The  Madianites,  seeing  the 
lights  flashing  around  them,  and  hearing  tlie  noise  of  so  many 
trumpets,  supposed  that  an  army  of  Israelites  was  already  in 
their  camp,  were  thrown  into  confusion  and  attacking  each 
other,  died  by  their  own  hands,  and  the  Israelites  were 
delivered. 

1.  Samson  was  a  very  strong  man ;  and  was  raised  up  to 


I  ,    •■  *: 


m 


pie?  3.  Why  were  the  Israelites  compelled  to  wander  in  the  desert? 
4.  Did  the  Israelites  enter  Chanaan  easily?  Who  led  them  in?  5.  Who 
governed  Israel  after  Josue?    6.  What  can  you  tell  about  Gedeon? 


HISTORY   OF  THE   PEOPLE   OF   OOD. 


86 


Gedeoa  and  the  Angel. 


deliver  the  people  from  the  Philistines.  His  strength  was 
Buch  that  he  once  killed  a  lion  by  tearing  his  jaws  asunder ; 
on  another  occasion  he  carried  off  the  gates  of  a  city  which 
had  been  locked  to  prevent  his  escape.  His  end  was  very 
mournful.  Going  among  the  Philistines,  a  woman  whom  he 
loved,  learned  the  secret,  that  his  strength  lay  in  his  hair. 
While  he  was  asleep  she  cut  it  off  and  his  enemies  came  and 
bound  him.  He  was  then  blinded  and  put  in  prison,  but  as 
his  hair  grew  out  his  strength  returned  and  being  brought 
out  one  day  into  a  temple  to  exhibit  to  the  people,  he  seized 
two  of  the  columns  and  throwing  them  down,  caused  the  im- 
mense building  to  fall  on  all  the  crowd  within,  not  one  of 
whom  escaped. 


\  i: 


It 


111; 


l! 


I 


I A 


\  :■. 


?{' 


I"! 


36 


FIRST   BOOK   OF    JIlciTOKY 


Samson  throwing  down  the  Tein  li"". 

8.  When  the  Israelites  had  been  governed  for  some  time  by 
Samuel,  the  last  judge,  they  began  to  wish  for  a  king.  This 
displeased  God,  but  as  they  again  and  again  besought  Samuel 
to  obtahi  tl)is,  thlB  prophet  at  last,  by  God's  directions,  elected  a 
young  man  of  the  tribe  of  Benjamin,  whose  name  was  Saul, 
to  be  king  over  Israel. 

7.  Who  was  SamBon?     II ow  did  lie  die?     8.  Who  was  the  last  judge? 
What  happened  in  his  time? 


HISTORY   OF  THE    PEOPLE   OF   ODD. 


37 


THE    KINGS. 

1.  Saul  was  the  first  king  of  Israel ;  for  some  time  lie  fol- 
lowed the  counsels  of  Samuel  and  was  a  good  king.  lie 
delivered  liis  country  from  the  Philistines,  and  established  order 
in  all  the  tribes.     After  awhile,  however,  he  fell  into  sin,  and 


the  last  judge  1 


"      .'    The  Death  of  Saul.         t    • 

God  chose  as  king,  David,  who  when  very  young  had  distin- 
guished himself  by  defeating  the  giant  Goliath  in  single  com- 
bat,    lie  was  Saul's  son-in-law,  but  Saul  now  sought  every 

1.  Who  was  the  first  king?    What  was  his  character?    2,  Who  sue- 


l> 


38 


FIBaX   BOOK    OF   HISTORY. 


i 


i 


means  to  put  him  to  death.  At  last  tho  rhilistiucs  ngaiii 
attempted  to  subdue  the  country,  Saul  marched  against  them, 
but  was  defeated  and  slain  in  the  dreadful  battle  of  Oilboo. 

2.  David  then  ascended  the  throne.  Ho  was  a  warlike 
prince  and  delivered  his  country  from  all  bondage.  Although 
he  once  fell  into  a  grievous  sin  ho  was  a  holy  man,  and  inspired 
by  God  wrote  many  psalms,  full  of  most  sublime  poetry,  and 
containing  many  prophecies  concerning  our  Saviour.  His  sin 
was  punished  by  the  rebellion  of  his  son  Absalom,  who  was  at 
last  killed. 

3.  Under  Solomon,  tho  son  and  successor  of  David,  the 


1) 


Tlie  Temple  of  Solomon. 


ceeded  Saul?    What  can  you  tell  of  him?    3.  What  kind  of  king  was 


Hl.^TOtY  OF  THE   PEOPLE   OF   GOD. 


30 


/i. 


kingdom  reocbed  its  highest  point  of  power  and  glory.  Neigh- 
boring kings  sought  his  alliance ;  his  wisdom  was  renowned 
throughout  the  world.  During  his  reign  an  extensive  trade 
was  carried  oi  with  other  nations,  and  Solomon  erected  in 
Jerusalem  a  magnificent  temple  to  Almighty  God,  and  built 
a  splendid  palace  for  huuself.  Ho,  too,  was  an  inspired  writer, 
and  the  Book  of  Proverbs  was  composed  by  him ;  yet  in  npito 
of  all  his  wisdom  and  former  piety,  he  at  last  fell  into  the  sin 
of  idolatry,  from  a  foolish  complaisance  for  his  pagan  wives. 

4.  After  Solomon's  death  his  son  Eoboam  succeeded,  but  as 
his  rule  was  tyrannical,  Jeroboam  who  had  raised  an  insurrec- 
tion in  Solomon's  time,  returned  from  Egypt  and  being  sup- 
ported by  ten  tribes  formed  the  kingdom  of  Israel.  Judah 
and  Benjamin  adhered  to  Koboam,  and  constituted  the  king- 
dom of  Judah. 

6.  Jeroboam  established  idolatry  in  bis  kingdom,  and  he  and 
his  successors  were  wicked  men,  and  their  reigns  are  one  series 
of  wars,  crimes,  tyranny  and  oppression.  Achab  and  his  wife, 
Jezebel,  are  above  all  noted  for  their  wickedness.  God  raised 
up  jn'ophets  in  Israel  to  convert  them,  but  finally  gave  them 
up  to  the  Assyrians,  who  overthrew  the  kingdom  of  Israel,  and 
carried  the  ten  tribes  away  into  captivity,  from  which  they  never 
returned. 

6.  The  kingdom  of  Juda  had  some  good  kings,  who  adhered 
to  the  worship  of  God,  but  most  of  them  fell  into  idolatry  and 
imitated  the  klugs  of  It^rael.  On  the  death  of  Ochosias,  his 
mother  Athalia,  killed  all  his  children  as  she  supposed  and 

Solomon?  4.  What  happened  on  Solomon's  death?  How  are  these 
kingdoms  called?  5.  What  did  Jeroboam  do  in  Israel ?  How  did  God 
punish  the  wickedness  of  Israel?    6.  What  was  the  character  of  the 


40 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


|p : 


It  ,•> 


usurped  the  throne.  An  infant  prince,  Joas,  was  saved  in  the 
temple  by  the  High-priest  Joiada,  and  some  years  after  Joiada 
armed  the  people  in  the  temple,  put  to  death  the  wicked  queen, 
and  raised  Joas  to  the  throne. 

1.  After  several  wicked  kings,  the  country  was  invaded  and 
subdued,  Jerusalem  was  destroyed,  and  at  last  all  the  people 
carried  off  captives  to  Babylon,  where  many  were  already  in 
bondage.  This  captivity  lasted  seventy  years,  and  is  pathet- 
ically described  by  the  prophet  Jeremia3, 

8.  When  Cyrus  overthrew  the  Empire  of  Babylon,  he  per- 
mitted the  Jews  to  return.  They  rebuilt  the  city  and  temple 
after  great  difficulties,  and  have  never  since  that  time  relapsed 
into  idolatry.  Those  who  went  back  were  chiefly  of  the  tribes 
of  Levi,  Benjamin  and  Judah,  but  there  were  some  of  the 
other  ten  tribes, 

9.  From  this  time  the  Jews  have  seldom  been  independent. 
When  Alexander  overthrew  the  Persians  they  fell  into  his 
power,  and  on  his  death  were  included  in  the  kingdom  of  Seleu- 
cus.  The  tyranny  of  succeeding  kings  drove  the  Jews  to 
revolt  and  under  the  brave  Judas  Macchabee,  they  at  last 
achieved  their  independence,  and  the  Macchabees,  who  were 
both  kings  and  high-priests,  ruled  till  the  Romans  invaded  the 
country,  and  made  Herod  king  of  Judea,  under  them. 

10.  While  the  Jews  were  thus  subject  to  the  Romans,  and 
in  the  reign  of  Herod,  our  Saviour,  tlie  Messias  so  long  ex- 
pected by  the  Jews  was  born  at  Bethlehem,  of  the  Blessed 


41 


kin{!;8  of  Juda?  What  is  the  story  of  Joas?  7.  Wliat  finally  became 
of  tlic  kingdom  of  Juda?  8.  When  did  the  Jews  return  to  Jerusalem? 
9.  What  ia  their  history  after  this?  Under  whom  did  they  revolt?  Who 
lust  conquered  them?     10.  What  happened  in  the  reign  of  Herod? 


i  I 


HISTORY   OF  THE    PEOPLE   OF"   GOD. 


41 


■ '  "!;  ■  The  Nativity 

Virgin  Mary,  who,  though  very  poor,  was  descended  from  the 
kings  of  Juda.  Herod  hearing  that  the  Messiah  was  born, 
and  fearing  for  his  kingdom,  ordered  all  the  infants  in  Bethle- 
hem to  be  put  to  death,  but  our  Saviour  had,  by  direction 
of  God,  been  carried  into  Egypt  by  Joseph  and  Mary. 

11.  On  Herod's  death  his  kingdom  was  divided,  and  onr 
Saviour  returned,  and  grew  up  unnoticed  by  the  Jews.  At 
the  age  of  thirty  he  was  announced  as  the  Messiah  by  St. 
John  the  Baptist,  and  began  to  preach.  Few  followed  him, 
although  he  proved  his  power  and  goodness  by  his  miracles 
and  doctrine. 


11.  What  happened  on  Herod's  death?     When  did  ou»  Saviour  begin 


42 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


12.  The  high-priests  at  last  resolved  to  put  him  to  death, 
and  he  was  seized  while  at  prayer  in  the  garden  of  Olives, 
dragged  to  Jerusalem,  scourged  and  crucified  by  Pontius 
Pilate,  the  Roman  Governor,  to  whom  the  Jews  had  given 
him.  Thus  were  accomplished  all  that  the  prophets  had  fore- 
told of  our  Saviour ;  and  long  before  David,  Isaias,  Jeremias, 
Daniel  and  many  others  had  announced  the  time  and  place  of 
his  birth,  and  many  circumstances  of  his  life  and  death. 


:' 


r 

■  t 


f't  . 


The  TraDsflguration. 

13,  The  death  of  our  Saviour  completed  our  Redemption, 
and  by  its  merits  we  can  enter  heaven,  if  we  are  faithful  to 

to  Breach?    1«.  Who  conspired  against  our  Saviour?     Describe  his 


HISTORY   OF  THE   PEOPLE   OF  GOD. 


43 


bis  holy  law  and  remain  in  the  Church  which  his  Apostles 
founded  after  his  death.  These  Apostles  were  twelve  poor 
nion,  chosen  and  inspired  by  him,  who,  all  but  the  traitor 
Judas,  preached  the  gospel  in  different  countries. 

14.  Not  many  years  after  our  Saviour's  death,  the  Jews 
revolted  against  the  Romans;  but  after  a  terrible  siege  in 
which  a  million  of  people  perished,  Titus  took  the  city  and 
destroyed  it,  as  our  Saviour  had  foretold,  so  that  not  a  stone 
was  left  upon  a  stone.  The  Jews  who  survived  were  then  dis- 
persed all  over  the  world. 

15.  Their  country  remained  in  the  hands  of  tho  Romans  for 
a  long  time,  and  was  not  only  inhabited  by  Christian."  but 
visited  from  every  country  by  pious  pilgrims.  At  last  in  the 
seventh  century  it  was  conquered  by  the  Saracens,  who  were 
Mohammedans.  These  new  masters  persecuted  the  Christiana 
and  oppressed  the  pilgrims  who  came  from  other  countries. 

16.  These  persecutions  at  last  became  so  great  that  the 
Popes  exhorted  Christian  princes  to  expel  the  Saracens  from 
the  Holy  Land.  A  hermit  named  Peter  went  through  Europe 
preaching  to  all  to  join  in  so  good  a  cause.  The  army  of  the  first 
crusade  was  without  order  or  generals,  and  nearly  all  perished. 
The  next  was  a  powerful  army,  chiefly  of  French  knights  led 
by  a  prince  named  Godfrey,  who  took  Jerusalem  and  founded 
a  new  kingdom.  Other  crusades  were  undertaken  to  support  this 
kingdom,  but  Saladin,  a  powerful  prince  a*^  last  took  Jerusalem 
and  made  Guy  the  last  king  a  prisoner. 


Describe  his 


passion?  13.  Wiiat  was  tlie  effect  of  our  Saviour's  death?  14.  What 
caused  the  destruction  of  Jerusalem?  15.  What  was  the  state  of  the 
country  after  this?  Who  next  conquered  it?  'tfi^Who  aroused  Chris- 
tian nations  to  rescue  it?    What  was  the  result  of  the  first  crusades? 


It 


44 


FIRST   BOOK   OF  HISTORY. 


i : 

ill 


It.  Richard  I.  of  England,  Philip  of  France  and  Frederic 
of  Germany  attempted  to  retake  Jerusalem,  but  though  they 
gained  some  advantage,  they  all  failed.  The  last  crusade  was 
led  by  St.  Louis,  but  it  was  unsuccessful.  The  Saracens  re- 
mained masters  of  the  country  till  they  were  subdued  by  the 
Turks  who  now  possess  it.  =    -        ,       » 

18.  Judea  is  still  a  country  greatly  venerated  by  all  Chris- 
tians, and  many  pilgrims  go  to  visit  the  spots  made  holy  by  the 
mysteries  of  our  Saviour's  life,  death,  and  resurrection.  At  all 
these  churches  have  been  erected,  and  on  the  great  festival  of 
Holy  Week,  Christians  of  every  nation  are  found  gathered 
there.  ,. 


*  I. 


Who  overthrew  the  new  kingdom?  17.  What  kings  endeavored  to 
recover  it?  Who  led  the  last  crusade?  Who  finally  conquered  the 
country?    What  is  the  state  of  the  country  now? 


,1 


HISTORY   OP  THE   PEOPLK   OF  GOD. 


4& 


CHROXOLOGY  OF  THE  BIBLE. 


B.  0. 

God  created  the  world,          .     ' 4004 

The  Deluge  took  place,* 2348 

Abraham  was  called  by  God  to  found  a  people,    ....  1921 

Joseph  went  down  into  Egypt,  .        .        .        .        .        ,        .  1715 

The  Israelites  left  Egypt,       .        .    ' 1491 

Saul  is  chosen  the  first  king, 1095 

David  became  king  in,           .        . 1055 

Solomon  built  the  temple  of  Jerusalem,    .       .       .       ,       .  1004 

The  kingdbm  is  divided  into  Israel  and  Juda,        .       .       .       .  975 

The  kingdom  of  Israel  was  overthrown  in          .        .        .        .  721 

The  kingdom  of  Juda  was  overthrown  in 606 

The  Jews  return  to  Jerusalem  in 636 

The  Jews  conquered  by  the  Greeks, 332 

The  Jews  achieve  their  independence  under  John  Macchabee    .  167 

The  Jews  conquered  by  the  Romans,     ......  65 

Birth  OF  Christ,                         ►vjI^  a.  c. 

Jerusalem  destroyed, 70 

Country  conquered  by  the  Saracens, 634 

First  Crusade, 1096 

Last  Crusade, 1248 

Country  conquered  by  the  Turks, 1517 


46 


FIRST   BOOK   OF  HISTORY. 


\\ll 


The  Walls  of  Babylon. 

THE    EMPIRES    OF    ASIA. 

BABYLON  AND  ASSYRIA. 

1.  Soon  after  the  confusion  of  tongues  Nimrod  founded  near 
Babel  the  kingdom  of  Babylon,  and  about  the  same  time  Assur 
founded  that  of  Niniveh.  These  were  both  powerful  kingdoms, 
and  after  a  little  while  were  united  by  Ninus  who  was  a  great 
warrior. 


1.  Who  founded  Babylon  ?    Who  founded  Assyria?    2.  Who  succeeded 


THE    EMPIRES   OF   ASIA. 


4t 


2.  After  the  death  of  Ninus  his  v/ife  Serairamis  ascended  the 
throne.  She  was  a  very  ambitious  wo.aan  and  did  everything 
to  extend  the  power  and  magnificence  of  her  empire.  She 
adorned  Niueve  with  splendid  buildings,  and  made  war  on  many 
nations,  several  of  whom  she  conquered.  She  invaded  India  but 
the  people  of  that  country  defeated  her  and  drove  her  out. 

3.  After  the  time  of  Semiramis  the  history  of  this  country  is 
very  obscure.  Sardanapalus  was  the  last  king  :  he  was  a  very 
effeminate  and  voluptuous  prince  and  being  attacked  by  one  of 
his  satraps,  set  fire  to  his  palace  and  perished  there  with  his 
wives  and  treasures.  On  his  death  three  new  kingdoms  arose, 
Media,  Babylon  and  Nineve  or  Assyria. 

4.  The  Medes  at  first  formed  a  republic,  but  after  a  while 
elected  Dejoces  to  be  their  king.  They  were  a  brave  people 
and  in  frequent  wars  maintained  their  independence.  Their 
country  lay  around  Ecbatana  and  is  now  called  Irak 

The  greatest  of  their  kings  were  Phraortes  and  Cyaxarefi. 

5.  The  kingdom  of  Babylon  was  founded  by  Nabonassar,  but 
after  a  short  time  it  was  conquered  by  the  Assyrians.  Tiglath 
Pilezer  founded  the  new  kingdom  of  Assyria,  which  soon  became 
very  powerful.  The  Assyrians  conquered  Babylon  and  Israel; 
and  after  several  attempts  against  Judea,  Nabuchodonosor 
conquered  it,  with  Syria  and  Egypt.  Nabuchodonosor  was  a 
very  great  king,  and  is  remarkable  for  having  been  struck  with 
a  strange  insanity  not  long  before  his  death.    During  the  long 


Hio  succeeded 


Ninus?  3.  Who  was  the  last  king  ?  What  happened  on  his  death  ?  4. 
AViiat  was  the  8rst  government  of  the  Medes  ?  Who  was  the  fii-st  king  ? 
5.  Who  founded  the  kingdom  of  Babylon?  Who  founded  the  kingdom 
of  Assyria?  What  conquests  did  the  Assyrians  make?  Who  was  their 
gToatestking?    C.  Who  was  the  last  king?    By  whom  was  he  overthrown? 


48 


FIRST   ROOK   OF   HISTORY. 


f\ 


^ 


f 
ft 


period  of  seven  years,  this  greatest  of  the  eastern  monarchs 
roamed  about  the  fields  like  a  beast,  living  on  the  grass.  On 
recovering  his  senses  he  recognized  the  power  of  God,  and  by  a 
public  decree  acknowledged  him  as  Sovereign  Lord  of  all  things. 

6.  Baltassar,  his  successor,  was  a  wicked  king.  He  disre- 
garded the  counsels  of  the  prophet  Daniel,  whom  his  father  had 
honored,  and  profaned  the  sacred  vessels  of  the  temple  of  Jeru- 
salem. That  very  night  a  hand  was  seen  writing  on  the  walls, 
and  the  words  explained  by  Daniel  foretold  the  overthrow  of  tiie 
king.  Cyaxares  II,  king  of  the  Medes,  and  Cyrus  king  of  Persia, 
were  then  before  Babylon  ;  during  the  night  they  entered  the 
city,  Baltassar  was  slain,  and  Babylon  became  a  part  of  the 
Medo-Persian  Empire. 

*I.  Babylon  and  Ninive  were  once  two  great  cities,  surrounded 
by  immense  walls,  and  filled  with  splendid  buildings  and  gardens. 
The  ruins  of  those  cities  still  exist  and  show  how  great  they 
were.  When  we  see  them,  we  feel  the  power  of  God,  for  while 
they  were  still  great  and  prosperous  cities  like  New  York  or 
Loudon,  God  foretold  that  they  should  become  desolate  and  a 
heap  of  ruins. 

8.  The  country  continued  under  the  Persian  yoke  till  the 
Saracens  overthrew  that  empire.  Then  they  founded  at  Bagdad 
a  new  empire  under  the  Caliphs,  which  lasted  for  many  years. 
Of  these  princes  the  greatest  was  Haroun-al-Easchid,  noted  for 
his  military  conquests,  his  love  of  letters  and  the  fine  arts.  Under 
these  princes  science  and  learning  flourished  on  the  Euphrates, 
more  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  world. 


7.  What  docs  the  fate  of  Babylon  and  Nineve  show  us  ?  8.  "Who  founded 
a  new  empire  near  Babylon  ?  What  is  the  empire  called  ?  9.  Who  finally 
overthrew  the  Saracen  power  ?     Who  now  rule  the  country  ? 


THE   EMPIHES   OF    ASIA. 


9.  After  a  long  line  of  Calij:* .  their  power  was  over- 


49 


1055. 


thrown  by  the  Turks,  who  now  conquered  all  the  Mahom- 
medan  countries  and  extended  their  conquests  in  Europe.  Since 
then  the  country  has  gradually  sunk,  and  is  now  in  a  very  fallen 
state,  without  any  signs  of  its  former  greatness. 


PERSIA.         ,    :, 

1.  After  the  fall  of  Babylon,  Persia  became  the  greatest 
of  the  Asiatic  kingdoms.  Cyrus  on  the  death  of  Cyaxares 
united  Media  to  his  other  provinces,  so  that  his  empire  em- 
braced all  that  is  now  Persia,  Turkey  in  Asia  and  Arabia. 
He  was  a  wise  and  good  king ;  he  permitted  the  Jews  to  return 
to  their  country  and  always  respected  their  religion.  He  was 
at  last  killed  in  battle  with  a  barbarous  race  that  invaded 
Persia  from  the  north. 

2.  His  son  Cambyses  added  Egypt  to  his  empire.  He  and 
his  successors  lived  in  great  pomp  at  Susa.  One  of  them  Xerxes 
attempted  to  conquer  Greece,  and  marched  against  it  with  the 
greatest  army  that  the  world  ever  saw;  but  the  Greeks  were 
very  brave,  they  defeated  the  Persians  and  drove  them  back  to 
Asia.  .  "  '  ^  "    'V"'  '  "■""    '^■•'--'  ■  -•• 

3.  Some  years  after  the  time  of  Xerxes,  Alexander  the 
Great  led  the  Greeks  into  Persia,  and  conquered  Darius  the 
last  king.  This  put  an  end  to  the  first  Persian  monarchy. 
Persia  was  then  included  in  the  kingdom  of  Syria  founded  by 


1.  Who  founded  the  Persian  empire  ? 
conquer  ?    What  did  Xerxes  attempt  ? 


2.  What  country  did  Cambyses 
3.  Who  overthrew  the  first  Per- 


M 


FIRST   BOOK    OF   HISTORY. 


!' 


I 


; 


If 
4  i 


{•  f 

:  ( 


Hi 


A.  C.  233. 


Seleucns,  but  the  Parthians  soon  after  entered  Persia  and 
founded  a  new  power.  Of  the  successors  of  Seleucus  the  most 
famous  is  Antiochus  the  Great,  who,  after  conquering  much  of 
Asia,  was  at  last  defeated  by  the  Romans.  <  •  , 

4.  Arsaces  was  the  first  Parthian  king.  The  greatest  of  his 
successors  was  Mithridates  who  conquered  the  Bactrians,  Per- 
sians, Medes  and  much  of  India.  His  successors  maintained  a 
series  of  successful  wars  with  the  Bomans,  but  some  time  after 

the  Christian  era  the  Persians  revolted  under  Ar- 
taxares,  and  threw  oflf  the  Parthian  yoke. 

5.  Under  these  kings  Christianity  made  great  progress  in 
Persia  in  spite  of  the  persecution  of  the  Fire-worshippers. 
Sapor  was  one  of  the  greatest  kings,  he  defeated  the  Roman 
Emperor  Valerian  and  took  him  prisoner.  So  great  was  his 
pride  that  he  compelled  the  emperor  to  act  as  his  footstool 
whenever  he  wished  to  mount  his  horse. 

6.  His  successors  carried  on  the  wars  with  the  Romans,  and 
in  the  course  of  them  Julian  the  apostate,  the  Roman  Emperor, 
was  killed  in  battle.  During  all  this  time  the  Persian  kings  per- 
secuted the  Christians  with  great  cruelty  and  sought  in  every 
way  to  destroy  them  entirely. 

1.  The  Saracens  at  last,  under  Omar,  overthrew  the 
Persian  monarchy,  and  introducing  the  religion  of 
Mahommed  persecuted  the  Fire-worsbippers  as  much  as  they 
had  persecuted  the  Christians.  From  this  time  Persia  formed 
part  of  the  Caliphate,  till  it  was  conquered  by  the  Turks 

sian  Monarchy  ?  "Who  founded  a  new  kingdom  ?  4.  Who  was  the  first 
Parthian  king  ?  Who  founded  the  second  kingdom  of  Persia?  5.  What 
was  introduced  soon  after?  Who  was  the  greatest  of  these  Persian  kings? 
6.  What  Roman  emperor  was  killed  by  them  in  battle  ?  How  did  they 
treat  the  Christians  t  7.  Who  overthrew  the  Persian  kingdom  ?  Who  took 


A.  C.  634. 


fc    1'  : 

^ 


THE   EMPIRES   OF   ASIA. 


51 


A.  C.  1739. 


about  the  time  of  the  crusades.  Towards  the  end  of  the  fifteenth 
century  a  Persian  named  Sopiii,  of  the  sect  of  Ali,  began  a  re- 
ligious revolution  by  which  his  son  Ishmael  was  raised  to  the 
tiirone.  His  successors,  called  Sophis,  ruled  till  the  time  of 
Kouli-Khan  who  poisoned  the  last  king  of  that  line, 
and  becoming  a  mighty  but  cruel  conqueror,  over- 
threw the  empire  of  Delhi  and  India. 

8.  Since  the  time  of  Kouli-Khan  princes  of  several  lines  have 
ruled  in  Persia,  and  iu  recent  wars  with  Russia  they  have  lost 
much  of  their  territory.  In  spite  of  all  the  changes  of  govern- 
ment and  religion  the  Persians  have  preserved  most  of  their 
ancient  habits  and  manners. ""    '  ,-   ,  t    ,,.,       ,      i    ,,  ■ 


'  ;    -';;    CHINA.  :;"•  [jr  ^ 

1.  The  Chinese  Empire  is  very  large,  covering  all  the  centre 
and  east  of  Asia.  It  consists  of  China,  properly  so  called,  the 
most  wealthy  and  populous  portion,  Tartary  and  Thibet.  .  The 
population  of  this  empire  is  so  great  that  it  contains  one-fourth 
of  all  the  people  on  the  globe.     >  .   .;^:^f   -       •• 

2.  China  lies  on  the  Pacific,  it  is  separated  from  Tartary  on 
the  north  by  the  great  wall,  an  immense  structure  made  for  the 
defence  of  the  country.    This  wall  is  fifteen  hundred  miles  long 


Persia  from  the  Caliphs  ?    Who  were  the  Sophia?    Who  overthrew  them  ? 
8.  What  is  the  history  of  Persia  since  the  time  of  Kouli  Khan  ? 

1.  What  can  you  tell  of  the  Chinese  Empire  ?  Of  what  does  it  consist? 
What  is  its  population  ?    2.  What  separates  China  from  Tartai'y  ?    Dea- 


52 


F1113T   BOOK   0¥   HISTORY. 


and  runs  over  the  rivers  and  mountains  that  are  on  its  line. 
China  is  divided  into  several  provinces,  and  abounds  in  immense 
cities,  canals  and  other  public  works. 

3.  The  Chinese  are  industrious,  civilized  and  ingenious ;  edu- 
cation is  much  attended  to,  and  is  the  only  means  of  obtaining 
office.  Several  religions  prevail,  the  chief  being  those  of  Con- 
fucius, Taotse  and  Buddha.  There  are  some  few  Christians, 
but  the  great  mass  of  the  people  belong  to  one  of  three  idolatrous 
sects.  The  priests  of  the  idols  are  called  Bonzes  and  their 
temples  Pagodas. 

4.  The  Tartars  are  not  as  civilized  as  the  Chinese,  but  are 
more  brave  and  warlike,  and  have  frequently  conquered  them; 
several  of  the  Tartar  tribes  lead  a  wandering  life  and  subsist 
by  their  flocks  and  herds.  Their  country  is  in  many  parts  ex- 
tremely cold.  Thibet  is  a  mountainous  country,  dependent  on 
China,  and  noted  as  the  residence  of  the  Grand  Lama,  or  Living 
Buddha,  the  head  of  the  religion  of  Buddha,  or  Fo  as  it  is  called 
in  China.     In  Thibet  the  priests  are  called  Lamas. 

5.  The  Chinese  Empire  is  traversed  by  three  large  rivers 
emptying  into  the  Pacific  :  these  are  the  Amour,  Hoang-ho 
and  JCiang-Ku.  It  is  separated  from  Siberia  by  the  Altai 
mountains,  from  India  by  the  Hiramalehs,  and  is  crossed  by  the 
Kuen-lun  and  Celestial  mount  lins.  The  chief  agricultural  pro- 
ducts are  rice  and  tea,  while  silk  is  the  chief  article  of  manufac- 
ture. Glass,  powder,  printing  and  the  compass  were  known  in 
China  long  before  their  invention  in  Europe,  but  in  these  and  the 
arts  they  are  now  far  behind  us.  The  Chinese  are  noted  for 
the  extraordinary  respect  which  they  pay  to  their  ancestors. 


cribe  the  great  wall.    3.  What  kind  of  people  are  the  Chinese  ?    4.  Des- 
cribe the  Tartars.  5.  What  can  you  tell  ua  of  the  productions  and  inven- 


THE    EMI'IKKS    OF    ASIA. 


53 


t.  China  is  the  ohlcst  empire  now  existing  on  the  globe. 
It  was  founded  soon  after  tlie  Deluge,  about  four  thousand  years 
ago,  by  Fohi,  one  of  the  nearest  descendants  of  Noe,  or  as  some 
suppose  by  Noe  himself. 

8.  Yao  was  so  great  and  good  a  king  that  he  was  beloved 
by  all  his  jieople,  and  to  this  day  they  have  not  forgotten  hini, 
for  when  they  wish  to  praise  a  man,  they  say  :  "  He  is  as  good 
as  Yao."  He  regulated  his  kingdom,  improved  the  navigation 
of  the  rivers,  introduced  new  modes  of  farming,  and  on  all  oc- 
casions showed  himself  a  father  to  his  people.         ' 

9.  The  history  of  one  of  the  next  kings  is  very  interesting. 
A  usurper  overthrew  the  reigning  prince  and  put  him  and  all 
his  family  to  death  except  the  Empress  Min,  who  escaped  to 
the  mountains,  and  there  her  son  Chao-Kang  was  born.  For 
fear  of  the  usurper  she  brought  him  up  like  a  little  shepherd, 
and  as  she  supposed  no  one  knew  about  the  little  prince  ;  but 
the  usurper  found  it  out  and  tried  to  kill  him.  So  the  Empress 
put  him  in  the  kitchen  of  a  good  governor  as  a  little  scullion, 
and  his  life  was  saved. 

10.  In  a  little  while  tht,  governor  seeing  the  boy  suspected 
that  he  was  some  person  of  rank,  and  he  questioned  the  Em- 
press, who  revealed  all  tu  him.  When  the  good  governor  found 
that  Chao-Kang  was  the  rightful  prince,  he  raised  an  army, 
marched  against  the  usurper,  and,  defeating  him,  placed  Chao- 
Kang  on  the  throne. 

11.  Chao-Kang  was  one  of  the  best  emperors,  for  he  had 
been  poor  and  felt  for  his  people,  so  that  all  loved  him.    This 


tlons  of  China?  7.  Is  China  an  old  empire?  8.  What  can  you  tell  of 
Yao  ?  9.  "What  is  the  story  of  the  Empress  Min  and  hor  .-on  Chao-Kang? 
10.  "What  did  the  governor  do?    11.  Was  Chao-Kaug  a  good  prince? 

5* 


II 


<  i 


u  i 


?»; 


f  : 


J 


V 


■|: 


54 


FIRST  BOOK   OF  HISTORY. 


ifr 


family  had  some  good  kings,  but  some  were  very  bad.  At  last 
one  named  Ku,  who  had  a  very  beautiful  wife  committed  great 
cruelties  at  her  wish,  so  that  the  people  drove  them  out  and 
chose  a  new  emperor.  This  we  find  in  the  history  of  every 
country,  new  families  succeed  each  other;  these  families  are 
called  Dynasties.  Down  to  the  present  time  twenty-two  dynas- 
ties have  reigned  in  China,  and  a  new  one  is  now  about  to  begin. 

12.  Vouvang  the  first  emperor  of  the  next  dynasty  was  a 
very  great  prince.  He  founded  Corea,  and  Japan  and  the  south- 
ern kingdoms  were  tributary  to  him  ;  but  after  his  reign  these 
various  tributary  kings  made  war  on  each  other,  and  on  the  em- 
perors. The  war  of  the  tributary  kings  lasted  five-hundred  years, 
and  almost  destroyed  the  country :  it  was  deluged  with  blood, 
and  the  people  were  almost  all  swept  away  by  the  sword,  or 
disease,  or  famine,  for  their  fields  were  ravaged  by  the  armies, 
and  their  towns  and  villages  burnt. 

13.  During  this  period  some  important  events  occurred.  Con- 
fucius and  Mencius  the  most  learned  men  of  China,  endeavored 
to  restore  morality  among  the  people.  The  Tartars  also  invaded 
China  for  the  first  time,  and  the  war  between  them  and  the 
Chinese  began,  and  after  being  stopped  several  times  has 
begun  again.       --■  .,.;       •      n, 

14.  Chi-hoang-ti  was  the  first  emperor  who  reduced 
all  the  princes,  and  gave  the  empire  its  present  form. 
He  was  a  great  monarch,  but  was  often  foolish  and  cruel. 
He  defeated  the  Huns  and  Tartars,  completed  the  great  wall 
of  China,  to  keep  out  the  Tartars,  and  ran  it  over  mountains, 

Who  was  the  last  of  his  family?  12.  What  is  a  dynasty?  How  many 
have  there  been  in  China  ?  What  do  you  know  of  Vouvang?  How  long 
did  the  war  of  the  tributary  kings  last?  13.  What  philosophers  lived 
during  this  period  ?   What  people  invaded  China  at  this  time  ?    14.  Who 


A.  C.  203. 


I' 


THE    EMPir.<^S     OF    A^IA. 


55 


crossing  rivers  on  arches.  Wishing  to  be  thought  the  foander 
of  China  he  attempted  to  destroy  all  the  books  and  learned  men. 
Like  most  tyrants  he  was  afraid  to  die  ana  spent  great  treasures 
in  endeavoring  to  find  a  drink  to  make  him  immortal,  but  amid 
his  folly  death  surprized  him.  It  is  foolish  to  hope  to  live  for 
ever  in  order  to  oflfend  God  ;  if  we  are  good,  we  shall  be  more 
happy  to  die,  in  order  to  see  and  enjoy  God. 

15.  China  was  next  for  some  years  at  war  with  the  Huns, 
but  the  Chinese  always  repelled  them,  so  that  the  Huns  at  last 
proceeded  westward,  and  settled  in  Europe  (under  their  King 
Attila),  after  overruning  most  of  it.  By  these  wars  the  Chi- 
nese had  become  brave  and  warlike,  and  Youti,  one  of  their 
kings,  waji  a  great  conqueror;  he  subdued  many  kingdoms  in  the 
north  and  south,  and  made  all  tributary  to  him  as  far  as  India. 

16.  Mingti  who  reigned  some  years  after  the  coming  of  our 
Saviour,  hearing  that  the  Holy  One  had  appeared  in  the  west, 
sent  an  embassy  to  seek  him,  but  the  embassy  brought 
back  the  errors  of  Buddha  instead  of  the  truths  of  Christianity. 
This  shows  that  it  is  not  enough  to  seek  the  truth  with  a  good 
will,  we  must  use  great  caution,  and  not  believe  every  one  who 
pretends  that  he  has  discovered  the  true  manner  of  pleasing 
God,  but  adhere  to  those  whom  Christ  had  appointed. 

n.  A  strange  rebellion  broke  out  about  two-hundred  years 
after  Christ.  A  quack  pretended  to  cure  diseases  by  a  magical 
water,  and  got  great  crowds  to  believe  him.  When  he  saw  so 
many  deluded  by  the  imposture,  he  thought  it  would  be  a  very 


reduced  the  empire  ia  its  present  form  ?  What  are  the  chief  events  of  his 
reign  ?  15.  What  people  next  made  war  with  China?  What  great  con- 
queror arose  ?    16.  For  what  is  the  reign  of  Mingti  famous  ?    17.  What 


pnp 


56 


FIRST   BOOK  OF  HISTORY. 


good  thing  to  be  emperor  instead  of  doctor ;  so  he  raised  an 
army,  made  all  his  troops  wear  yellow  caps,  and  tried  to  overthrow 
the  governments,  but  he  was  soon  defeated  and  his  army  dis- 
persed. His  partisans  however  formed  a  yellow-cap  society,  and 
frequently  gave  great  trouble.  -      » 

18.  Soon  after  this  China  was  divided  into  two  empires,  sepa- 
rated from  each  other  by  the  Yang-tse-kiang,  and  the  empire 
remained  in  this  way  for  three-hundred  years,  during  which 
China  declined  greatly  in  power  and  civilization  owing  to  the 
frequent  wars  between  the  two  parts.  At  last  they  were  united 
again  by  the  brave  and  skillful  Kao-tsou-venti,  in  698  A.  C. 

19.  Taitsong,  who  came  to  the  throne  in  628  A.  C. 
*  was  one  of  the  greatest  emperors  of  China.  He  was 
wise,  frugal  and  affable,  and  is  regarded  as  the  Solomon  of  China 
for  his  learning  and  wisdom.  He  encouraged  learning,  founded 
a  college,  and  collected  a  library.  In  his  reign  ambassadors 
came  from  all  surrounding  nations  to  honor  so  great  a  monarch  : 
and  from  India  came  Olupuen,  a  holy  priest,  who  for  the  first 
time  introduced  Christianity  into  China.  It  extended  rapidly 
under  succeeding  emperors.  Churches  were  built  in  the  prin- 
cipal cities;  and  religion  flourished  for  several  centuries. 

20.  In  the  tenth  century  the  Leao,  a  Tartar  tribe,  conquered 
the  northern  part  of  China,  and  founded  a  kingdom  which  last- 
ed over  two-hundred  years.  At  the  expirat''.ii  of  that  time  the 
Chinese,  with  the  help  of  the  Nuitche  Tartars,  drove  them  out, 


strange  rebellion  broke  out  about  200  A.  C?  18.  What  event  occurred 
soon  after  ?  How  long  was  China  thus  divided  ?  Who  reunited  the  whole 
country?  19.  What  was  the  character  of  Taitsong?  What  happened  in 
his  reign  ?  What  was  the  progress  of  Christianity  ?  20.  What  happened 
in  the  tenth  century  ?    Who  expelled  the  Leao  ?    Who  next  conquered 


THE   EMPIRES  OF   ASIA. 


57 


but  their  own  allies,  the  Nuitehes,  kept  the  country  and  held  it 
till  '.he  time  of  the  great  Mongol  conqueror,  Zeughis-Khan  who 
subdued  them,  and  founded  the  Empire  of  the  Moguls  in  north- 
ern China. 

21.  Zenghis-Khan  was  one  of  the  greatest  monarchs  of  his 
time  ;  his  dominions  included  a  great  part  of  Asia.  In  the 
reign  of  his  son  Koublai-Khan  the  Roman  Catholic  religion 
was  introduced  into  China  by  John  de  Montecorvino,  a  Francis- 
can friar,  who  was  afterwards  made  archbishop  of  Pekin,  aud  by 
other  holy  men.  The  Christians  already  there  had  embraced 
the  errors  of  Nestorius  and  opposed  them,  but  they  soon  made 
great  progress.  Koublai  extended  his  sway  over  the  southern 
provinces,  and  in  1279  the  last  Chinese  emperor  lost  his  life  and 
crown  in  a  terrible  sea  fight,  in  which  an  immense  number 
perisliv;^ 

22.  ;  >I Jguls  ruled  in  China  for  nearly  a  hundred  years, 
and  iouaaed  Pekin  which  has  since  been  the  capital.  The 
Chinese  then  recovered  their  independence,  drove  out  the  Mc)i- 
gols,  and  a  bonze,  who  had  become  a  soldier,  raised  himself  to  the 
throne,  and  assuming  the  name  of  Tai-tsou,  founded  the  Ming 
dynasty,  which  ruled  for  nearly  two-hundred  years.  The  great 
canal  was  built  under  the  Mongols. 

23.  During  the  rule  of  the  Ming  dynasty  St.  Francis  Xavier 
attempted  to  enter  China,  but  died  near  Canton.  In  1581 
Fathers  Ruggiero  and  Ricci,  both  Jesuits,  began  missions  in 
China,  and  by  their  zeal  and  learning  gained  many  to  the  faith. 
Other  missionaries  followed,  and  before  the  fall  of  the  Ming  dy- 


China  ?  Wliat  was  Zenghais-Khan's  empire  ?  21.  What  happened  in  the 
reign  of  Koublai-Kban  ?  22.  How  long  did  the  Monguls  reign  ?  What 
dynasty  succeeded  ?    23.  What  missionaries  entered  China  under  the  Ming 


58 


FIRST    BOOK    OF    HISTORY. 


uasty,  there  were  Christians  in  the  army,  in  the  palace,  and  in 
all  ranks  of  society,  converts  of  the  new  missionarios;  for  all  the 
converts  Montecorvioo  and  the  Nestorians  had  been  driven 
out  with  the  Mongols,  and  Ricci  had  to  begin  the  work  anew. 

24.  About  the  year  1600  a  Tartar  king  invaded  China,  and 
a  long  war  ensued,  in  which  many  bloody  battles  were  fon^jht 
and  great  confusion  prevailed.  During  this  state  of  trouble  a 
general  rebelled  against  the  emperor  and  besieging  him  in  his 
palace  compelled  him  to  commit  suicide.  Usanguey,  a  faithful 
general,  commanded  an  army  at  the  great  wall;  he  invited  the 
Tartars  to  aid  him  in  punishing  the  usurper.  The  Manchoo 
king  marched  into  China,  defeated  the  rebel,  but  made  his  son 
Chuntche,  emperor.  Some  princes  oi  the  Ming  dynasty  at- 
tempted to  expel  him,  but  they  were  successively  defeated  and 
Chuntche  became  emperor  of  all  China  in  1650.  ,  -^  *>^ 

25.  Chuntche  introduced  the  Tartar  dress,  but  made  no  other 
changes  ;  like  his  predecessors  he  encouraged  Christian  mission- 
aries. His  successor  Kang-hi  was  one  of  the  greatest  kings  of 
bis  age  ;  under  Yong-Ching  the  missionaries  were  expelled,  and 
persecutions  began  against  the  Christians,  which  have  been  re- 
newed from  time  to  time  ever  since.  Many  priests  and  lay 
Christians  of  both  sexes  have  been  put  to  death,  banished  or 
deprived  of  their  property,  and  not  even  members  of  the  imperial 
family  escaped  ;  out  all  the  efforts  of  tyranny  failed.  The 
Christians  increased  in  fervor,  and  whenever  the  persecution 
ceased,  resumed  their  worship  as  before. 

26.  In  subsequent  reigns  attempts  were  made  by  Russia, 


dynasty?  24.  Who  conquered  China  in  the  seventeenth  century? 
What  general  called  in  these  Tartars?  And  why?  25.  What  did 
Chuntche  introduce  7    What  can  you  tell  of  Kang-hi  ?    Of  Yong-Eiug  r 


THE   EMPIRES   OF   ASIA. 


#• 


Holland  and  England  to  open  intercourse  with  China,  but  with- 
out effect,  although  the  Russians  obtained  leave  to  have  agents 
at  Pekin.  The  country  remained  closed  to  Europeans  till  1840, 
none  being  permitted  to  enter  any  port  but  Canton,  and  none 
in  fact  entering  but  courageous  missionaries  who  often  lost  their 
]Ues.  In  1839  the  Chinese  government  resolved  to  prevent  the 
English  from  introducing  opium  at  Canton,  contrary  to  the  laws 
of  the  empire,  and  seized  a  large  quantity.  A  war  ensued ; 
great  numbers  of  Chinese  were  slaughtered  by  the  English  troops, 
and  China  yielded  to  England  the  Island  of  Hong-Kong,  and 
opened  four  new  ports. 

27.  After  the  peace  of  Nankin  a  French  ambassador  obtain- 
ed of  the  Chinese  government  free  toleration  for  Christianity  in 
the  empire.  In  1851  a  rebellion  broke  out  in  one  of  the  pro- 
vinces, and  Tien-te,  an  assumed  descendant  of  the  Ming  dynasty, 
is  now  at  the  head  of  a  large  army,  and  in  possession  of  most  of 
the  country.  In  every  battle  the  Tartars  have  been  beaten. 
The  insurgents,  restore  the  Chinese  dress,  and  destroy  all  idola- 
trous temples.  It  is  believed  by  some  that  the  leaders  are  per- 
sons instructed  by  the  Protestant  missionaries,  who  have  labored 
for  some  years,  and  especially  since  1840,  at  Canton  and  the 
other  ports,  as  they  have  already  begun  to  persecute  the  Ca- 
tholics. 


CHRONOLOGY  OF  CHINA. 


FoLi  began  to  reiga  (about) 
Confucius  flourished  (about) 


B.  c. 
2000 

600 


What  was  the  state  of  the  Ciiristians?  26.  Who  tried  to  trade  with  China? 
How  long  did  its  ports  leraain  closed  ?  What  led  to  the  war  with  Eng- 
land t    27.  What  did  the  French  obtaiu  after  the  peace  of  Nankin  ? 


y, 


60  FIRST  BOOK   OF  HISTORY. 

Tartars  first  invade  China a.  o. 

Empire  united  by  Chi-tioang-ti, 203 

Empire  again  Aividtd  (about) 300 

Kaotsouven^'       tes  it  again, 598 

Christianity  i-     jdr-^ed  by  Olopuen, 636 

Zenghis-Khan  conquers  China,           1210 

China  conquered  by  Mongols, 1279 

Chinese  recover  their  freedom, 1368 

Christianity  preached  by  Father  Ricci, 1581 

Manchoos  conquer  China, 1650 

English  make  war  on  China, 1840 


•U'..>-'  W 


■  ^'       \''--':-  JAP  AN. -^'  ■'  "-     '"  "•; 

1.  Japan  is  an  empire  composed  of  several  islands  lying  off 
the  northern  coast  of  China.  These  islands  are  fertile,  populous, 
well  cultivated,  and  abound  in  mineral  wealth.  The  people 
resemble  the  Chinese  in  language  and  manners,  but  are  a  distinct, 
and  in  many  respects  a  superior  people. 

2.  The  early  history  of  Japan  is  involved  in  fables.  The  mon- 
archy according  to  the  best  accounts  was  founded  660  before 
Christ,  by  Syn  Mu,  the  first  Dairi  or  emperor.  Situated  on  an 
island  they  were  aloof  from  the  wars  and  troubles  of  the  conti- 
nent, so  that,  except  occasional  wars  with  Corea,  its  history  is 
quite  unifori  i.  Of  the  sovereigns  distinguished  in  war,  one  of 
the  greatest  is  Singukogu,  an  empress  who  reigned  in  the  third 
century  of  the  Christian  era.  .^         ,  ,u 


1.  Describe  Japan.    2.  Whenwasthe  monarchy  founded,  and  by  whom? 


THE  EMPIRES  OF  ASIA. 


61 


A.  0. 

203 

300 

698 

636 

1210 

1279 

1368 

1581 

1650 

1840 


w 


lying  off 
populous, 
le  people 
a  distinct, 

The  mon- 
)60  before 
ited  on  an 
the  conti- 
history  is 
ar,  one  of 
I  the  third 


id  by  whom? 


3.  Tho  national  religion  is  the  Sinto.  Buddhism  was  intro- 
duced in  the  sixth  century,  in  the  reign  of  Kinmei.  About  the 
middle  of  the  twelfth  century  the  power  of  the  Dairi  was  shaken 
by  the  dissensions  of  the  petty  kings,  and  in  order  to  restore  peace, 
Konjei,  the  66th  Dairi,  created  Joritomo,  general  or  Ziogun. 
Joritomo  suc^eded,  but  usurped  the  power,  leaving  the  Dairi 
merely  the  name,  and  his  successors  for  four  centuries  preserved 
.his  power. 

4.  When  Genghis-Khan  had  conquered  China  his  son  Koub- 
lai-Khan  twice  invaded  Japan  :  in  the  first  invasion,  in  1274,  he 
was  repulsed  with  loss,  and  the  second  armament,  fitted  out  in 
1281,  was  destroyed  by  storms,  and  such  as  escaped  cut  to  pieces 
by  the  Japanese.  After  this  the  Mongols  made  no  further  at- 
tempt on  an  empire  so  well  defended  by  nature. 

5.  In  1542,  Pinto,  a  Portuguese  was  driven  into  Japan,  and 
thus  opened  a  way  to  intercourse  .  Europeans.  St.  Francis 
Xavier,  in  less  than  seven  years  after  this,  landed  there  to  preach 
the  gospel,  and  for  two  years  labored  in  various  parts,  preparing 
the  way  for  the  other  missionaries  who  followed  him,  and  con- 
verting many  by  his  zeal  and  power.  Such  progress  did  Christi- 
anity make  that,  in  1582,  a  solemn  embassy  was  sent  to  Rome 
by  the  kings  of  Bungo  and  Arima,  and  the  Prince  of  Omura,  and 
the  missionaries  and  their  convents  enjoyed  the  favor  of  the  Em- 
peror Nabunanga. 

6.  In  a  few  years  however  Nabunanga  was  murdered,  and 
the  Ziogun  Fidejos  assumed  the  regency  for  his  son.     But  soon 


AVho  was  one  of  the  greatest  sovereigns  ?  3.  What  religions  prevail  ? 
What  happened  in  the  middle  of  the  twelfth  century  ?  4.  Describe  the 
Mongol  attempts  against  Japan.  6.  When  did  the  Portuguese  discover 
Japan  ?  Who  introduced  Christianity?   What  was  its  progress?   6.  What 

6 


62 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


proclaimed  himself  Cubo,  or  civil  emperor,  under  the  name  of 
Taikosama.  He  filed  with  great  wisdom  and  ability,  but  being 
very  hostile  to  Christianity  began  a  violent  persecution  in  1586. 
This  persecution  was  renewed  at  various  times  by  his  successors, 
and  all  Europeans  expelled.  The  Dutch  alone  were  permitted 
to  trade  and  have  a  factory  at  Nangasaki.        .  ►         :      .  -v 

1.  In  these  repeated  persecutions  several  hundred  thousand 
Christians  perished,  and  at  last,  in  1632,  those  in  Simabora 
took  up  arms  to  defend  their  relig'on,  and  by  their  valor  long 
withstood  the  imperial  troops,  and  were  at  last  conquered  only 
when  the  Dutch  besieged  and  took  their  stronghold.  By  this 
service,  and  by  trampling  on  the  cross,  the  Dutch  succeeded  in 
obtaining  the  privilege  which  they  now  enjoy.  Since  then  Chris- 
tianity has  to  all  appearance  become  extinct,  as  no  missionaries 
have  been  able  to  reach  the  interior.  Since  the  exclusion  of  the 
Spanish  and  Portuguese,  the  English,  Russians  and  Americans 
have  at  various  times  attempted  to  open  commercial  relations 
with  the  country,  but  always  without  eflfect,  till  the  present  year, 
1854,  when  a  treaty  has  been  made  with  the  United  States. 


ARABIA. 

1.  Arabia  is  a  peninsula  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Asia, 
lying  between  the  Persian  Gulf  and  the  Red  Sea.  The  interior 
consists  almost  entirely  of  sandy  deserts,  and  in  no  part  are 


happened  soon  after  ?  What  was  his  treatment  of  the  Christians  ?  What 
people  only  were  allowed  to  trade  ?  7.  When  did  the  Christians  revolt  ? 
Describe  the  war  ?   What  can  you  say  of  the  subsequent  history  of  Japan  ? 


THE   EMPIBES  OF   ASIA. 


63 


'.-••V: 


The  Bed  Sea. 

there  any  streams  that  can  be  called  rivers.  There  are  some 
fertile  spots  on  the  coast,  where  coflFee  and  spices  are  raised. 
The  Arabs  are  descendants  of  Ishmael,  a  son  of  Abraham; 
and  most  of  the  tribes  even  now  live  in  the  same  manner  as 
the  patriarchs  mentioned  in  the  Bible.  They  have  no  towns, 
but  dwell  in  tents,  and  move  from  place  to  place,  subsisting  by 
their  flocks  and  herds.  This  kind  of  life  is  called  a  pastoral 
life. 

2,  On  the  sea  coast  they  live  in  towns,  and  are  governed  by 
chiefs  and  kings,  f.ome  of  whom  are  very  powerful.  The  Imam 
of  Muscat  is  the  greatest  of  these  princes:  besides  his  own 


1.  Describe  Arabia?     What  are  the  Arabs,  and  how  do  they  live? 


I 

I 

r 


I 


H 


,  l*-^''  ■ 

M'j ; 

w 

ft' 

p 

^w- 

64 


FIRST    BOOK    OF    HISTORY. 


territory  he  owns  several  ports  in  Persia  and  Africa,  and  his 
people  carry  on  a  very  extensive  commerce.  Some  years  opro 
this  Imam  sent  a  vessel  to  New  York,  with  presents  for  the 
President  of  the  United  States;  and  a  treaty  was  concluded 
with  him. 

3.  We  know  very  little  of  the  early  history  of  Arabia.  Job, 
who  was  so  famous  for  his  sufferings  and  patience,  was  an 
A  rabian  king.  He  is  the  oldest  and  most  sublime  of  poets. 
1x0  wrote  inspired  by  God,  and  his  poem  shows  how  good  and 
holy  a  man  he  was.  serving  God  faithfully,  although  even  then 
many  of  his  countrymen  worshipped  the  sun. 

4.  Jethro,  the  father-in-law  of  Moses,  was  another  celebrated 
Arabian;  he  was  a  priest  of  the  true  God,  and  ruled  in  the 
land  of  Madian.  "When  the  Israelites  passed  through  Arabia 
several  tribes  opposed  their  passage  and  gave  them  battle,  but 
were  all  defeated  with  great  loss.  One  of  the  most  powerful 
of  these  were  the  Moabites,  commanded  by  Balak.  Balaam, 
a  prophet,  but  a  corrupt  man,  aided  this  king,  but  foretold 
the  future  glory  of  the  Israelites,  and  the  rise  and  fall  of  the 
Roman  Empire.  In  a  battle  soon  after  Balak  and  Balaam 
were  both  slain. 

5.  After  this  period  we  know  little  of  the  history  of  the 
Arabs.  Egypt,  Babylon,  and  Assyria,  in  all  their  glory,  at- 
tempted to  conquer  Arabia,  but  the  people  never  submitted  to 
them,  Alexander  the  Great  conquered  them,  but  after  his 
death  they  recovered  their  independence,  and  extended  the 
limits  of  their  country  by  new  conquests, 

2.  What  prince  rules  on  the  southern  coast  ?  3.  What  do  we  know  of  the 
early  history  of  Arabia  ?  What  can  you  tell  of  Job  ?  4.  Who  was  Jethi"o? 
What  king  opposed  the  Israelites  ?    6.  What  countries  failed  to  conquer 


' 


:i 


THE   EMPIRES   OF   ASIA. 


65 


(vnil  his 
irs  ocro 
for  the 
ncluded 

a.  Job, 
was  an 

)f  poets. 

50od  and 

veu  then 
'■  ■    '.■ 

elebrated 
sd  in  the 
;h  Arabia 
tattle,  but 
t  powerful 
Balaam, 
it  foretold- 
fall  of  the 
id  Balaam 

ory  of  the 
'  glory,  at- 
ibmitted  to 
t  after  his 
tended  the 


6.  Three  centuries  after  the  time  of  Alexander  the  Great, 
the  Romans,  under  Pompey,  tried  to  conquer  the  Arabs,  and 
subjected  some  of  the  tribes;  but  the  Uomcyrites  in  Yemen 
aud  the  people  of  Nedsjcd  defied  all  the  efforts  of  the  llomuns, 
and  immortalized  themselves  by  the  successful  struggle  for 
freedom. 

7.  i\rabia  was  one  of  the  first  countries  where  the  Gospel 
wae  preached.  Many  became  Christians,  but  the  Jews  and 
Pagans  often  persecuted  them  with  great  cruelty.  The  last 
king  of  the  Homeyrites  was  a  Jew,  and  lost  hia  life  and  throne 
from  his  oppression  of  the  Christians;  for  the  king  of  Ethiopia, 
indignant  at  his  cruelty,  marched  against  the  tyrant,  and 
defeated  him  in  a  battle,  in  which  he  lost  his  life.  This  was 
about  500  A.  C. 

8.  About  a  hundred  years  after  this,  a  strange  revolution 
took  place  in  Arabia.  As  we  have  seen,  there  were  many  Jews 
and  Christians  in  the  country^  but  the  majority  were  idolaters, 
aud  most  of  them  worshipped  with  great  reverence  the  Kaaba, 
a  black,  shapeless  stone  at  Mecca.  A  cunning  man,  named 
Mahomet,  with  the  help  of  a  Jew  and  a  Christian,  drew  up  a 
book,  and  announced  himself  as  a  prophet  from  God ;  but  tiie 
people  of  Mecca,  where  he  began  to  preach  his  new  religion, 
refused  to  hear  it.  They  drove  him  out,  and  he  fled  to  Medina. 
This  event  is  called  the  Ilegira;  it  took  place  622  A.  C,  and 
from  it  all  Mahommedans  reckon  time,  as  wo  do  from  the 
birth  of  Christ. 


>  know  of  the 
9wa&  Jethi'o? 
id  to  conquer 


fH 


Arabia?  Who  at  last  sulnlued  them  ?  6.  What  Roman  general  conquered 
a  part  ?  Who  maintained  their  independence  ?  7.  What  can  you  tell  of 
rcilgion  in  Arabia  ?  Where  were  the  Christians  persecuted  ?  ».  What 
religion  prevailed  ?   What  impostor  preached  a  new  religion  ?  What  is  the 

6* 


ri 


^ 


f, 


hi! 


\ 
\ 

■  t 

\ 


i 


99        '  FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 

0.  Having  been  joined  by  powerful  friends  at  Medina,  Maho- 
met raised  an  army,  returned  in  triumph  to  Meeca,  was  acknow- 
ledged as  king,  and  soon  conquered  ail  Arabia  and  Syria, 
establishing  wherever  he  went  his  now  religion,  an  impious  mix- 
ture of  Christianity,  Judaism,  and  Idolatry.  His  doctrines  were 
contained  in  a  book  called  the  Koran,  and  to  those  whom  ho 
conquered  ho  gave  no  choice,  but  the  Koran  or  the  sword.  In 
the  midst  of  his  prosperity  he  died,  having  succeeded  as  uo 
other  impostor  had  ever  done  .... 


Muscat,  on  the  Persian  Gulf 


10.  On  the  death  of  Mahomet,  a  contest  for  the  sovereignty 
arose  between  Abubeker,  his  father-in-law,  and  Ali,  his  son-in- 


Hegira  and  when  did  it  happen  ?    9 .  What  succesa  had  Mahomet  ?    What 
ia  the  Koran  ?   10.  What  happened  in  Mahomet's  death  ?  What  two  sects 


THE   EMPIRES   OF   ASIA. 


^ 


law,  and  tho  followers  of  the  impostcr,  bccnmo  divided  into 
two  sects  which  still  subsist.  The  Sheas  favored  Ali,  and  are 
now  chiefly  to  be  found  in  I'ersia;  the  Sonnitos  favored  Abu" 
bcker  and  embrace  the  great  majority  of  the  MoMlenis,  as  the 
Mahommedans  are  also  called.  Abubeker  was  made  king  or 
caliph:  bo  defeated  the  Greek  emperor,  and  Omar,  his  suc- 
cessor, a  still  greater  warrior,  conquered  nearly  all  that  is  now 
Turkey  in  Asia,  Persia,  Egypt,  and  all  the  north  of  Africa. 
Othman,  the  next  caliph,  added  Tartary  to  the  empire,  which 
was  now  one  of  the  greatest  in  the  world. 

11.  On  the  death  of  Othman,  Ali  was  at  lost  elected.  His 
name  is  still  revered  in  the  east  as  one  of  the  best  an^l  bravest 
of  the  caliphs.  His  reign  was  short  but  glorious.  He  removed 
the  seat  of  his  empire  to  Cuja  on  the  Euphrates,  as  a  more  con- 
venient place.  Thus  was  the  religion  of  Mahomet  establish'^d 
in  a  va'st  territory  by  a  judgment  of  God.  Pagan  nations  v.  ho 
had  refused  the  mild  doctrines  of  the  Gospel,  were  now  com- 
pelled to  embrace  the  Koran  or  be  put  to  the  sword.  Chris- 
tians who  had  fallen  into  heresy  and  separated  from  the  church, 
saw  mosques  rising  on  the  ruins  of  their  churches  and  monaste- 
ries, and  their  land  filled  with  blood  and  misery,  so  that  in  a 
little  while  scarce  a  Christian  could  be  found  in  the  Saracen 
Empire. 

12.  Almansor,  a  subsequent  caliph,  built  Bagdad,  and  it 
remained  the  capital  till  the  caliphate  expired.  It  was  one  of 
the  most  splendid  cities  of  the  east.  Almansc"  wjh  a  man  of 
talents  and  education;   he  encouraged  learning  and  the  arts. 


arose?  "What  is  the  difference  between  them ?  11.  Who  was  elected  on 
tho  death  ?  Where  did  he  remove  the  seat  of  empire  ?  How  was  the 
Mahommedan  religion  finally  established  ?    12.  Who  built  Bagdad  and 


FIRST   BOOK  OF  HISTORY. 


1^ 


?: 


His  successors  followed  his  example,  and  the  Saracens  soon 
became  the  most  learned  and  polished  of  all  nations ;  and  the 
seats  of  the  caliphs  of  Bagdad  and  Cordova  in  Spain  became 
the  best  schools  of  astronomy,  medecine,  philosophy,  and  ma- 
thematics; while  in  the  manufacture  of  all  articles  of  superior 
beauty,  ingenuity  or  finish,  the  Saracens  were  unsurpassed. 
The  figures  we  now  use  in  calculation  came  to  us  from  the 
Arabs.  -         '..  '  " 

13.  The  greatest  of  subsequent  caliphs  was  Haroun-al-raschid, 
a  famous  prince  and  patron  of  letters.  His  name  is  celebrated 
in  Arabian  literature  which  attained  his  highest  perfection  in 
his  reign.  His  valor,  equity,  impartiality,  and  attention  to  his 
duties  are  described  in  many  of  their  works.  Like  many  of 
the  caliphs,  he  attacked  the  Greek  Empire,  but  none  succeeded 
in  conquering  any  part  of  Europe. 

14.  The  caliphate  had  now  declined.  Spain,  Egypt,  Mo- 
rocco, and  India,  had  their  own  sovereigns,  who  were  only 
nominally  subject  to  the  caliph  of  Bagdad,  Among  later 
caliphs,  Mahmoud  of  Ghaznee  was  one  of  the  greatest;  he  con- 
quered India,  and  reared  a  new  empire,  which  did  not  however 
long  subsist.  At  last  Bagdad,  after  being  for  nearly  five 
hundred  years  the  seat  of  the  Saracen  Empire,  was  taken  in 
1258  by  Hulaku,  a  grandson  of  Genghis-khan.  Mostasem,  the 
caliph,  was  put  to  death,  by  being  dragged  around  the  streets 
in  a  leather  sack,  and  the  empire  of  the  Arabs  or  Saracens 
entirely  overthrown. 

15.  Under  the  later  caliphs  Arabia  became  divided  into  a 


removed  the  caliphate  to  it?  What  did  the  Saracens  now  become  ?  13. 
Who  was  the  greatest  of  subsequent  caliphs  ?  What  was  his  character  ? 
14.  What  occorred  soon  after  ?   Who  w^as  Mahomoud  of  Ghazuee  7    Who 


THE   EMPIRES   OF   ASIA.  00 

number  of  small  states,  and  has  remained  so  till  the  present 
time.  In  the  last  century  a  sect,  called  Wahabees,  arose,  and 
for  a  time  ruled  a  considerable  part  of  the  country,  but  their 
power  has  now  ceased.  Arabia  is  still  the  centre  of  Mahom- 
medanism,  and  Mecca,  the  birth  place  of  the  false  prophet,  and 
Medina,  his  burial  place,  are  celebrated  pilgrimages,  which 
every  strict  Mussulman  tries  to  visit  once  in  his  life.         '  . 


TARTARY. 

1.  All  the  interior  of  Asia,  from  China  and  the  Pacific  above 
it,  to  the  Caspian  Sea,  is  called  Tartary,  and  the  various  tribe 
which  inhabit  it,  though  differing  from  each  other  in  many  re- 
spects, are  all  known  to  us  by  the  name  of  Tartars.  Those 
nearest  Europe  reside  in  cities,  and  are  far  advanced  in  civiliza- 
tion and  the  arts.  They  are  independent  and  form  several 
petty  kingdoms.  East  of  this  they  lead  a  pastoral  life,  roam- 
ing about  with  their  flocks  and  herds,  and  are  subject  to  China. 

2.  The  Tartars  have  at  various  times  issued  from  country, 
and  with  terrible  armies  overrun  rich  and  populous  countries  to 
the  south,  east  and  west.  The  Scythians  were  a  Tartar  tribe 
who  ravaged  Persia,  and  defeated  Cyrus  the  great,  leaving  him 
dead  on  the  field.    Darius  invaded  their  country,  but  unable  to 


conquered  Bagdad  ?    15.  What  is  the  history  of  Arabia  since  the  fall 
of  the  caliphates  ?    Who  were  the  Wahabees  ? 
1.  What  is  Tartary  ?    Describe  the  Tartars?    2.  What  have  the  Tar- 


10 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


I 


follow  them  over  their  plains,  returned  with  but  a  small  portion 
of  his  force. 

3.  The  Huns  are  another  Tartar  race :  after  several  attempts 
to  conquer  China,  in  which  they  were  constantly  defeated  they 
turned  westward  and  settled  on  the  Black  Sea.  In  442,  under 
Attila,  they  invaded  the  Greek  Empire,  and  turning  westward, 
carried  the  terror  of  their  arms  from  the  walls  of  Constanti- 
nople to  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  They  were  defeated  however  by 
the  Franks,  and  falling  back,  ravaged  northern  Italy  till 
Attila's  death.  They  then  dispersed,  and  a  few  settling  in 
Hungary  gave  it  its  present  name. 

4.  The  Mongols  are  another  Tartar  tribe,  who  still  occupy 
the  part  called  Mongolia.  In  the  thirteenth  century  Temujin 
overthrew  Ouangkhan,  or  Prester  John,  and  acquiring  a  do- 
minion over  several  tribes,  assumed  the  title  of  Genghis-Khan 
or  King  of  Kings.  He  now  resolved  to  conquer  the  world,  and 
began  by  invading  China.  He  subdued  the  northern  part  and 
established  a  new  empire  there.  Soon  after  the  massacre  of 
his  ambassadors  gave  him  a  pretext  for  invading  Persia.  Ma- 
hommed,  the  King  of  Corasmea,  raised  a  large  army  to  defend 
the  country,  but  was  defeated,  and  Persia  fell  into  the  hands  of 
Mongols.    The  conquerer  soon  after  died. 

6.  The  death  of  Genghis-Khan  did  not  ruin  the  cause  of  the 
Mongols;  they  reduced  all  China,  and  conquered  India,  under 
Octal.  Batukan  invaded  Europe,  and  swept  like  a  torrent 
over  Russia,   Poland  and  Hungary,  while  Hulaku  stormed 


li' 


tars  often  done?  Who  were  the  Scythians?  3.  Who  were  the  Huns? 
When  (lid  they  invade  the  Greek  Empire  ?  How  far  did  they  extend  their 
conquest?  4.  Who  arc  the  Mongols?  What  great  mongol  conqueror 
arose  in  the  thirtenth  century  ?  What  countries  did  he  subdue  ?   6.  What 


■ 


werq 
(lid 
7.  ^V 

Wha 


1 


THE   EMPIRES   OF  ASIA, 


w 


Bagdad,  and  put  an  end  to  the  Empire  of  the  Caliphs.  He 
was  repulsed  by  the  sultans  of  Egypt  and  Syria,  but  the 
Empire  of  the  Moguls  was  long  maintained. 

6.  The  Turks  were  another  Tartar  race,  descendants  from 
the  Corasmeans.  In  the  fourteenth  century  they  too  became 
formidable,  and  under  Othman  founded  a  kingdom  in  Asia 
Minor,  the  part  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  lying  under  the  Black  Sea. 
Although  conquered  by  Tamerlane,  of  whom  we  shall  soon 
speak,  they  soon  recovered,  subdued  all  that  is  now  called  Tur- 
key in  Asia,  overthrew  the  Greek  Empire  in  1453,  and  soon 
after  reduced  Egypt  and  all  northern  Africa,  everywhere  intro- 
ducing or  supporting  the  Mahommedau  religion.  Their  kings 
are  called  sultans,  and  reside  at  Constantinople  in  Europe  to 
this  day. 

t.  The  Usbecks  were  another  tribe  of  Tartars,  connected  with 
the  Moguls.  They  rose  to  power  in  the  fourteenth  century, 
uuder  Temour-bek  or  Tamerlane,  the  most  cruel  of  all  their 
conquerors.  He  was  Khan  of  Samarcand :  he  first  invaded 
the  country  of  the  Turks,  and  defeating  Bajazet  took  him  pri- 
soner. Syria  was  next  overrun,  Persia  and  Northern  India 
were  then  deluged  in  blood.  Theu*  empire  in  India  alone  stood 
for  any  length  of  time,  and  was  in  after  years  renowned  for  its 
splendor  and  power.  Tamerlane  died  while  marching  to  the 
conquest  of  China. 

8.  The  Manchoos  are  another  Tartar  tribe,  who  after  several 
conquests  invaded  China,  in  the  seventeenth  century,  overthrew 


were  the  conquests  of  his  successors  ?  6.  Who  are  the  Turks?  Where 
(lid  they  found  an  empire  ?  When  did  they  overthrow  the  Greek  Empire  ? 
7.  Who  were  the  Usbecks  ?  What  great  conqueror  did  they  produce  ? 
What  conquest  did   Tamerlane  effect?    8.  Who  are  the  Manchoos? 


12 


FIRST   BOOK   OF  HISTORY. 


the  Ming  dynasty,  and  to  this  time  are  the  ruling  race  in  that 
empire.  At  this  moment  ho  Chinese  have  risen,  and  are  en- 
deavoring to  expel  the  Miinchoos. 

9.  When  China  passeil  unf'  3r  the  yoke  of  the  Manchoos,  the 
other  Tartar  tribes  were  soon  subdued,  and  Tartary  has  since 
then  formed  part  of  the  Chinese  Empire,  except  a  few  states 
in  the  west  which  preserved  their  independence. 


,  SIBERIA.       _ 

1.  Siberia  is  a  cold  country  lying  north  of  Tartary.  It  Is 
washed  on  the  north  by  the  Arctic  Ocean,  and  is  sep  irated 
from  Europe  by  the  Ural  Mountains.  The  inhabitants  resem- 
ble the  Tartars,  but  are  not  so  brave  and  enterprising.  About 
two  hundred  years  ago,  a  robber  fled  from  Russia  to  Siberia  to 
escape  the  ofl&cers  of  justice.  Here,  by  degrees,  he  attained 
great  power,  and  having  raised  a  considerable  army,  he  sub- 
dued the  whole  country. 

2.  When  he  had  thus  established  his  power,  he  made  it  a 
means  of  obtaining  a  pardon  from  the'  Emperor  of  Russia  for 
his  former  crimes.  In  this  way,  most  of  northern  Asia  passed 
to  the  Russians,  who  gradually  extended  their  power  to  Kams- 
chatka,  and  even  into  America.  Siberia  ha^^  since  been  used 
by  the  czars  as  a  place  of  exile,  and  here  they  send  all  who  dis- 

What  country  did   they  conquer?      9.    Since  then  who  rules  Tar- 
tary? 

1.   Describe   Siberia.    How   did   it   become   a   Russian   province' 
2.  What  did  he  do  on  obtaining  power  ?    How  does  Russia  use  Siberia  ? 


i 


J!  ' 


THE   EMPIRES   OF  ASIA. 


ta 


please  them.  When  Poland  was  seized  by  Russia,  thousands 
were  sent  to  this  desolate  country  because  they  preferred  free- 
dom and  the  Catholic  religion  to  Russian  despotism.  Many  of 
the  present  inhabitants  of  Siberia  are  descended  from  these 
exiles. 


HINDOSTAN,    OR   INDIA. 

1.  Hindostan  is  a  large  peninsula,  lying  south  of  the  Ilim- 
maleh  Mountains,  and  chiefly  between  the  Indus  and  Burrain- 
pootcr.  It  is  a  fertile,  well  watered,  and  populous  country. 
Grain  of  all  kinds,  sugar,  cotton,  indigo,  exquisite  fruits  and 
spices,  are  here  raised  in  abundance.  The  Hindoos  are  nearly 
black,  but  have  none  of  the  negro  features.  They  are  an 
indolent  race,  and  easily  submit  to  opptession.  Their  customs 
are  very  peculiar,  and  they  adhere  to  them  with  great  fidelity. 
Among  these  is  the  division  into  four  castes — priests,  soldiers, 
merchants  and  farmers,  which  are  kept  so  distinct  that  no  one 
can  marry  or  even  eat  and  drink  with  a  person  of  another 
caste.    The  religion  is  the  worship  of  Brahma  and  other  gods. 

2.  India  was  one  of  the  first  settled  and  earlicEt  civilized 
portions  of  the  globe.  Its  history,  at  first,  is  involved  in  much 
obscurity,  and  the  fables  of  the  Brahmins  give  no  assistance  in 
discovering  the  truth.  Solomon  traded  here  a  thousand  years 
before  the  Christian  era.     Alexander  the  Great  invaded  the 


1.  Describe  Hindostan.  How  are  tlie  people  divided?  What  is  the 
religion?  2.  What  can  you  pay  of  the  early  history  of  India?  Who 
traded  to  India?    What  Indian  king  was  conquered  by  Alexander? 

7 


I*' 

ll 


%i 


FIRST   BOOK   OP  HISTORY. 


hs 


In 
■s 

In 


m 


northern  part  and  defeated  Porus,  King  of  the  Punjau]),  but 
reinstated  him  in  his  kingdom. 

3.  Soon  after  tho  time  of  Alexander,  Chandragupta  forided 
a  Hindoo  Empire,  uvcr  which  his  dynarty  ruh  d  for  b<  vera!  ;'«'n- 
turies.  Of  succeeding  kings,  the  most  famous  is  the  wuriiko 
Vicramaditya,  who  flourished  about  the  time  of  Juliii^  Caesar, 
(56  B.  C.)  From  this  time  no  impoit.ant  event  occurs  for 
oeveral  centuries.  The  country  was  divided  into  several  tjtates. 
and  these  were  generally  at  pe;i  e. 

4.  The  ripe  of  tlie  Mohammedan  power  soon  threuten-  ^ 
India,  bui  it  was  not  invaded  till  towards  the  iloso  of  th*:  tenth 
century,  wuen  M.iiuaoud  o(  Ghaznee,  in  the  present  Afghanistan, 
assembled  a  !u;';:  >  army,  and  entered  Northern  India,  putting 
all  to  tire  and  sword.  His  cruelties  are.  still  remembered  in  the 
countr}'.  He  founded  the  Kingdom  of  Lahore,  which  lasted  for 
a  considerabio  time. 

6,  In  11  ST,  another  chieftain,  Mahommed  Ghore,  seized 
Lahore,  and  extending  his  conquests  founded  the  Empire  of 
Delhi.  His  son  raised  it  to  its  greatest  splendor  jind  power, 
having  repeatedly  repulsed  the  Moguls,  who  attempted  to  effect 
the  conquest  of  India. 

6.  In  1400,  the  celebrated  Tamerlane  invaded  Hindostan, 
conquered  Delhi,  and  ravaging  the  country,  made  the  finest 
provinces  complete  deserts.  After  his  departure,  the  country 
was  ruled  by  Afghan  monarchs  till  1525,  when  Ibrahim,  the 


i' ' 


i:  f 


fif". 


3.  Who  founded  a  great  Hindoo  Empire?  What  famous  warrior 
flourished  about  the  time  of  Ca*sar?  4.  What  Mahommedau  con- 
quered the  north?  What  kingdom  did  he  found?  5.  Who  overtlirew 
this  empire  and  founded  that  of  Delhi?  6.  Who  invaded  India  In 
1400?     What  people  next  ruled?     Who  founded  the  Empire  of  the 


'  f 


THE   EMPIRES   OF   ASIA. 


16 


last  of  the  line,  was  defeated  and  killed  by  Baber,  a  descend- 
ant of  Tamerlane,  who  fonnded  a  new  empire,  commonly 
called  the  Empire  of  the  Groat  Mogul, 

7.  Several  of  the  succeeding  emperors  were  great  men. 
There  was  Akbar,  who  took  the  Hindoo  city  of  Chaitur,  after 
a  long  siege,  and  conquered  nearly  all  Northern  India,     lie 


Lahore. 


afterwards  embraced  Christianity,  and  was  preparing  to  intro- 
duce it,  when  his  death  destroyed  all  the  hopes  of  the  mission- 
aries.    There  was  Jehanghir,  whose  love  for  Nourmahal  led 


great  Mogul?    7.  What  great  conqueror  embraced  Christianity?    What 
can  you  tell  of  Jehanghir  and  Aurungzebe?    Who  Dually  took  the 


t£' 


T6 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


H 


1 


I 


him  into  much  trouble  with  liis  family.  There  was  Aurung- 
zebc,  a  cruel  and  bigoted  tyrant,  who,  in  a  long  reign,  subdued 
nearly  all  India.  After  his  time,  however,  their  power  declined, 
and  the  English  took  possession  of  their  territory.  ..    , 

8.  While  the  descendants  of  Tamerlane  were  founding  an 
empire  in  the  north,  the  Portuguese  attempted  to  establish  one 
in  the  south.  About  1500,  Albuquerque  occupied  Goa,  and 
soon,  by  his  wise  policy,  made  it  a  flourishing  city.  Subse- 
quent governors  extended  the  Portuguese  power  over  a  consi- 
derable portion  of  the  coast  and  the  neigiiboring  islands. 
During  their  time,  St.  Francis  Xavier  arrived,  and  with  other 
missionaries,  established  missions  in  India  and  Ceylon,  which 
exist  to  this  day  in  spite  of  the  persecutions  of  Mohammedans, 
Hindoos,  English  and  Dutch. 

9.  These  missionaries  spared  no  toil  or  suffering  to  convert 
the  people.  They  joined  the  various  castes,  instructed  all,  and 
after  grounding  them  in  the  truth  and  detaching  their  hearts 
from  idolatry,  baptized  them.  Besides  St.  Francis,  the 
greatest  were  Nobili,  who  began  the  Madura  mission ;  and  to 
gain  access  to  the  Brahmins  assumed  the  dress  and  life  of  a 
Saniassi,  and  the  Blessed  John  de  Britto,  who,  like  many 
others,  was  put  to  death. 

10.  As  the  Portuguese  power  declined,  the  English  and 
French    entered    Hindostan.     The    English    soon    acquired 


Hi 


i-fi 


:  1 

•K 

;    1 

'  !! 

1 


territories  of  these  emperors?  8.  What  Europeans  first  formed  a 
colony  in  India?  Wliat  good  governor  occupied  Goa?  What  holy  roan 
preached  in  India?  Where  are  the  descendants  of  his  converts  to  be 
found?  9.  What  can  you  tell  us  of  these  missionaries?  Who  were  the 
greatest?  10.  What  two  nations  followed  the  Portuguese?  Which 
finally  acquired  the  ascendancy  ?   11.  Who  took  Ceylon  from  the  Portu- 


TIIK    KMI'IKKS    OF    ASIA. 


11 


rung- 
)dued 
lined, 

[\g  an 
3I1  one 
a,  and 
Subse- 
i,  consi- 
islands.    . 
h  other 
,  wbicb 
medans, 

convert 
all,  and 
r  hearts 
cis,  the 
•,  and  to 
life  of  a 
ke  many 


IJoiiibay,  Madras  niid  Calcutta,  and  formed  the  great  East 
India  Company,  which  still  possesses  supreme  authority  in  tiie 
country.  The  French  began  their  settlei'  uts  at  rondicherry. 
Both  endeavored  to  extend  their  power  by  favoring  the  con- 
tests of  Hindoo  princes;  but  in  the  war  between  England  and 
France,  in  which  France  lost  her  American  possessions,  she 
also  was  deprived  of  her  power  in  India,  although  General 
Lally  did  all  that  man  could  do  to  overthrow  the  English. 

11.  The  Dutch  took  Ceylon  from  the  Portuguese,  but  never 
enjoyed  the  good  will  of  the  people,  whom  they  oi)pressed  for 
their  religion.  It  also  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  English, 
who  are  now  undisturbed  masters  of  India.  By  degrees  they 
gained  possession  of  state  after  state,  by  war,  treachery, 
bribery  or  frond.  The  most  formidable  oi)ponents  whom  they 
met  were  HyUer  Ali,  Sultan  of  the  Mysore  and  Tippoo  Saib. 
Of  late  years,  they  have  subdued  the  Sikhs,  conquered  Af- 
ghanistan, wrested  several  provinces  from  the  Birmaus  and 
acquired  Malacca. 


clish   and 
acquired 


formed  a 
it  holy  man 
iverts  to  be 
ho  were  the 

se? 


a 


the  Portu- 


FARTHER  ODIA. 

1.  Beyond  the  Bay  of  Bengal  lie  several  states  of  similiar 
manners  and  customs,  which  taken  together  are  called  Farther 
India.    The  separate  states  are  the  Birman  Empire,  the  King- 


gucso?    Who  took  it  from  the  Dutch?    "VMio  was  the  great  opponent 
of  the  English?     How  have  the  English  extended  their  power? 
1.  Describe  Farther  India.     2.  What  can   you  tell  of  its  history? 


i9 


FIUST   BOOK    OP   HISTOUY. 


Scene  in  Farther  India. 


dora  of  Siam,  and  the  Empire  of  Anam,  Anam  embraces 
Tonquin  and  Cochin  China.  All  these  countries  are  populous 
and  fertile;  the  governments  are  despotic,  and  the  religion 
idolatry — the  people  being  worshippers  of  Buddha,  here  called 
Gaudama. 

2.  A^ery  little  is  known  of  the  history  of  these  countries. 
Birmah  has  been  deprived  of  much  of  her  territory  by  the 


What  empire  arose  in  the  last  century  ?    What  progress  has  Christianity 
made? 


™B   EJIIIIIES  or  ASIA 

Kiigli.,1,.    Tlio  Knjpiro  of    i  '* 

".ri»ti„„it,  „„»  uurodulur-rr"  '"  '""  '"^'  ""'"^^ 
««o,  l.y  Fu,l,„  Ilhouos,  a  a  h  'o  Ir"'"'  '"  '"""'■•^••'  ^'■•''™ 
/»r.»  «|-  A„ara.    CVael^ JL X'"^'', '"'"''y  Cl-ristian,  i„  „„ 

•'«»i"»t*em;„„,,„ai„-„^,:;'""°''  ''''™  ''«"  oarricd  on 
"'f'o  put  to  .toatl,.    An  Am  I™     „  '""^  f'™"^  ""d  l»opIo 
m..„„„arioa  a  few  years  .go     Wi!  TV '''"'•' '''''''">'- 
Biuikok.  ""t""  to  labor  at  Malacca  and 


Cflit01fOI,OGr  OF  IJS 


braces 
piilous 
eligion 
called 

ntries. 
•y  the 

tianity 


DIA. 


Solomon  traded  to  India 

Alexander  conqaers  India,     '        '        *        ' 

Vicrumaditya  reigned,  .     '        *        * 

Tamerlane  conquers  India,  '         '        * 

I'ortuguese  reach  India  '        *        *        ' 

Baljer  founds  the  Empire  of  /hn  n'        '        ' 

Anru„g,obe  began  to  reign,       '        '        '        * 
Nader  Shah  invaded  India,  *        '        * 

Pond.cherry  taken  by  the  Engli;h      '        '        * 
lyder  All  begins  his  war,      ^      '        *        *        ' 
^"glJsh  take  Ceylon,     .  *        '        *        • 

attack  Bnrmah  *        *        *        *        • 

Afghanistan, 


B.  C. 

•  1000 

330 

56 

A.  C. 

1000 
.  1187 
1400 
.  1498 
1525 
1600 
1632 
1660 
1739 
1761 
i-79 
1795 
1825 
1839 


80  FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 

GENERAL  CHRONOLOGY  OF  ASIA. 

B.  C. 

Babylon  and  Ninovo  founded,  about 2260 

China  founded,           .        .        .' 2200 

Semiramis  reigns, 2000 

Abraham  called, 1»21 

Israelites  leave  Egypt, 1716 

Troy  destroyed, 1584 

Pbcenicia  founded, 1504 

Asia  conquered  by  Sesostris, 1485 

Jewish  tnunarchy, 1096 

Japanese  monarchy, GCO 

Nineve  destroyed, COG 

Jerusalem  destroyed, 687 

Cyrus  begins  to  reign  in  Persia, 638 

Alexander  conquers  Asia, 431 

Chihoangti  unites  all  China, 203 

Vicramaditya  rules  in  India, 66 

B.  c. 

Destruction  of  Jerusalem, 70 

Kingdom  of  Persia  founded, 223 

Huns  invade  Europe, 442 

China  united  under  Kaotsouventi, 698 

Mahomet  begins  to  preach, 630 

Persia  conquered  by  Saracens, 634 

Power  of  Dairi  ends  in  Japan, 1160 

Genghis  Khan  conquers  China, 1209 

Saracen  Empire  ends, .        .        .1258 

Tamerlane  flourishes, 137G 

Portuguese  in  India, 1600 

Mogul. Empire  founded, 1520 

Xavier  in  India  and  Japan, 1550 

English  power  in  India, 1600 

Christianity  destroyed  in  Japan, 1632 

Tartars  take  China, 1650 

English  conquer  most  of  India  by 1800 

English  attack  China, 1840 


i 


•'    .    •ft'    /  •' 

10  _i^ 


,10', 


OEOORAPHY   OF    AFRICA. 


81 


J.  c. 
:'250 

1200 

JOOO 

I'J'Zl 

1715 

1584 

1504 

1485 

1095 

C60 

GOG 

587 

638 

431 

203 
66 

B.  C. 

70 
223 
442 
598 
630 
634 
1150 
1209 
1258 
1376 
1500 
1520 
1550 
IGOO 
1632 
1650 
1800 
1840 


AFRICA. 


liIiEOlliB 


Ivory  Zoef^irf^'^^Sli: 


ai/zp  OJPi 


£?  C/j:Ji£ 


^Ascension 


I 


■i4  0u\>rGO 

ST.  SALVADO 


"R  cTiif^tor 


•R. 


ETHIOPIA 

^_^  Waihdcriiig 


(P 


AKTGO 


sr.PHlLlPE  DE  BliiTatJ*: 

\^     \  BEN.GT7 

v;J*.St  .Helena 

M 


:^i.M*^ 

oinijA'i  \ 


^ 


■i  'I  »         ■'    JS'  '^  !,*  ^     T'    S     •1  . 

^ -.  .-,4->-Hi'.-^:«'--^V<<t--'^— 4^ 


?'^ 


^se^^i 


ITalaT 


67 


3f)l 


Loiig.Edj  o  m.'WasliingtoxL 


82 


FIRST   BOv>.^    OF   HISTORY. 


QUESTIOXS  OK  THE  MAP  OF  AFRICA. 


1.  Bound  Africa. 

2.  What  ocean  on  the  west ?    On  the  east?    What  sea  on  the  north? 
On  the  north-west? 

3.  What  desert  in  the  north?    What  four  ranges  of  mountains  in 
Africa  ?    A,  M,  S.  L. 

4.  What  two  large  rivers?    What  two  small  ones? 

6.  What  isthmus  in  the  north-east  ?    "What  straits  in  the  east  ?    What 
lake  in  the  centre  ? 

6.  Where  are  the  Bai'bary  States?    Name  them.    Which  is  the  most 
easterly  ?    Ann.  Barca.    Which  the  most  westerly  ?    Where  is  Egypt  ? 

7.  What  other  countries  lie  on  the  Red  Sea  ? 

8.  Where  is  Soudau  ?    Senegambia?    Guinta? 

9.  What   colony  lies  in  the  south?     What  cape  in  this  colony? 
Where  are  Mozambique  and  Zanguebar  ? 

10.  What  large  island  near  Mozambique  ? 

11.  Inwhat  count'-y  isCairo?    Dongola?    Derne?    Morocco?    Cape- 
town?   Goudar?    Tunis?    Tripoli?    Mozambiqr-?    Melinda? 

12.  Between  what  countries  are  the  straits  of  (  ibraltar?    the  straits 
of  Babelmandel  ?    the  isthmus  of  Suez  ?    the  lied  Sea  ? 

13.  Where  is  Cape  Verde?    Cape  Guardafui?    Cape  of  Good  Hope? 
Cape  St.  Mary? 

14.  Where  is  Sahara,  or  the  Great  Desert?    Lake  Tchad?    Sierra 
Leone  ? 


GEOGRAPHY   OF  AFRICA. 


83 


GEOGRAPHY    OF    AFRICA. 

Q.  Ill  what  part  of  the  eastern  continent  is  Africa  ? 

A.  Africa  is  a  large  peninsula  in  the  south-eastern  part  of 
the  eastern  continent. 

Q.  How  is  Africa  bounded  ? 

A.  Africa  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Mediterranean 
Sea,  east  by  the  Red  Sea  and  the  Indian  Ocean,  west  by  the 
Atlantic. 

Q.  What  are  the  striking  natural  features  of  Africa  ? 


84 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


A.  The  striking  natural  features  of  Africa  are  its  lofty  moun- 
tains running  from  east  to  west,  namely:  the  Atlas  Mountains 
in  the  north,  the  Mountains  of  the  Moon  in  the  middle,  and  the 
Snow  Mountains  in  the  south ;  the  great  Desert  of  Sahara,  and 
the  great  want  of  streams  and  rivers.      " 

Q.  Are  there  no  large  rivers  ? 

A.  There  are  only  two  large  rivers,  the  Nile  and  the  Niger, 
w^hich  fertilize  the  countries  which  they  traverse,  but  much  of 
the  country  is  sterile. 

Q.  What  are  the  animals  of  Africa  ? 

A.  The  animals  of  Africa  generally  resemble  those  of  Asia, 
the  Rhinoceros,  Hippopotamus,  Giraffe,  and  Zebra  are  how- 
ever peculiar  to  Africa,  as  weW  as  the  Ostrich  and  several 
kinds  of  birds.  -    '  ■ 

Q.  What  is  the  character  of  the  people  ?       • 

A.  The  inhabitants,  except  along  the  Mediterranean,  are 
black,  and  are  called  negroes.  They  are  all  very  barbarous, 
and  we  know  little  of  their  history.  Those  in  the  north  were 
more  civilized,  and  their  early  histoiy  is  verj  interesting.  This 
contains  Egypt  and  the  Barbary  States. 

Q.  Why  is  it  better  to  take  up  the  History  of  Africa  next  ? 

A.  It  is  well  to  take  up  the  history  of  Africa  next,  because 
Egypt  was  one  of  the  oldest  kingdoms  of  which  we  have  any 
certain  history,  and  contains  remarkable  monuments,  which 
were  erected  many  centuries  ago,  making  it  one  of  the  most 
interesting  countries  in  the  world. 

Q.  What  are  the  most  remarkable  countries  in  Africa  ? 

A.  Africa,  as  now  divided,  contains  on  the  north-east  Egypt, 
next  to  it  Barca,  Tripoli,  Tunis,  which  are  all  independent  states; 
Algiers,  a  French  colony,  and  the  Empire  of  Morocco.  These 
countries  all  lie  on  the  Mediterranean,  between  the  Atlantic  and 


y 
1 
ci 

it 


GEOGRAPHY   OP  AFRICA. 


85 


the  Red  Sea.  South  of  ^gypt  are  Nubia  and  Abyssinia,  for- 
merly called  Ethiopia.  On  the  Atlantic  lie  Scnegambia  and 
Guinea,  in  the  interior  Soudan,  but  all  this  country  down  to  the 
English  colony,  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  is  cut  up  into  small 
states,  or  inhabited  by  roving  tribes. 

Q.  What  is  the  condition  of  the  people  ? 

A.  The  people  in  the  north  are  Mahommedans  and  are  some- 
what civilized,  though  far  inferior  to  their  Saracen  ancestors. 
The  Abyssinians  are  Christians,  but  have  many  barbarous 
customs;  in  other  parts  the  people  are  savage,  and  idolatry  in 
its  most  terrible  shape  universally  prevails.        -^ 


<t- 


86 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


Tombs  at  Thebes. 


EGYPT. 


1.  Egypt  is  a  beautiful  valley,  watered  by  the  river  Ts'ilo, 
which  spreads  fertility  over  all  the  country,  jt  has  always  been 
noted  for  its  productiveness,  and  from  lime  immemorial  ex- 
ported grain  to  other  countries.  The  Nile  evry  year  overflows 
its  banks,  and  leaves  a  fertilizing  mud,  after  wliich  the  people 
raise  their  crops.  T'ae  country,  where  not  iimndated,  is  a 
desert.     The  Nile  empties  into  the  Mediterranean  by  several 


1.  Describe  Egypt.    What  is  its  great  river?    What  b  the  Delta? 


HISTOilY    OP  AFRICA. 


87 


pelta' 


mouths,  the  two  largest  of  which  form  a  triangle  like  the  Greek 
letter  delta,  and  the  mouth  of  any  such  river  is  now  called  a 
delta. 

2.  Egypt  contains  many  magnificent  ruins  and  ancient  monu- 
ments. The  most  remarkable  are  the  pyramids,  immense 
structures,  regarded  as  one  of  the  wonders  of  the  world;  the 
spliyux,  the  tombs  at  Luxor,  and  temples  found  in  various 
parts. 


View  of  the  Pyramids. 

3.  In  the  pyramids  have  been  found  mummies,  or  embalmed 
bodies  of  kings,  queens,  and  persons  of  every  rank,  with  orna- 
ments, and  scrolls  describing  their  character,  also  mummies  of 
tlie  various  beasts  and  birds  adored  as  gods  by  the  ancient 
Egyptians.      On  the  walls  of  the  tombs  have  recently  been 


2.  What  does  Egypt  contaia?  3.  'What  have  been  found  in  the  pyramids? 


I 


i 


f 


i 


f  ■fli 


I'f^'- 


i 


m 


m 


88 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


found  paintings  showing  the  battles  antl  wars  of  the  ancient 
Egyptians;  and  what  is  more  interesting  their  domestic  life,  men 
and  women  at  work  in  their  houses,  shops,  and  fields;  children 
at  school  or  playing,  the  service  in  the  temples,  marriages, 
funerals,  with  all  their  various  customs. 

4.  Egypt  was  one  of  the  first  kingdoms  in  the  world.  Tt 
was  founded  by  Misraim,  a  grandson  of  Xoe,  who  built  the  city 
of  Memphis,  soon  after  the  dispersion  of  Babel.  Of  subsequent 
kings  we  know  little  down  to  the  time  of  Supliis,  or  Cheops, 
who  built  the  great  pyramid.  He,  and  the  other  kings  who 
Duilt  pyramids,  became  odious,  as  they  oppressed  the  prnple  in 
order  to  erect  those  immense  monuments. 

5.  Some  time  after  the  erection  of  the  pyramids,  a  pastoral 
tribe  from  Arabia,  commanded  by  Salatis,  conquered  Egypt. 
Salatis  and  his  successors  are  known  in  history  as  the  Shepherd 
Kings  or  Hyksos ;  they  oppressed  the  Egyptians,  who  fre- 
quently rebelled,  established  a  new  kingdom  at  Thebes,  and  at 
last,  under  Thothmes  I.,  drove  out  the  Hyksos  and  their  Arab 
followers,  who  retired  to  Syria  and  founded  a  kingdom  there. 
It  was  during  the  time  of  the  Shepherd  Kings  that  Jacob  and 
his  family  came  to  Egypt. 

6.  After  the  expulsion  of  the  Shepherd  Kings,  Egypt  was 
governed  by  warlike  princes,  who  carried  their  arms  to  the 
Euphrates,  and  to  the  borders  of  the  Caspian  Sea.  The  great- 
est of  these  was  llameses  III.,  or  Sesostris,  who  conquered  the 
Bactrians,  Modes,  Persians,  all  Asia  Minor,  and  even  crossed 


Wliat  have  been  discovered  in  the  tombs  ?  4.  Dj  whom  was  the  kingdom 
of  Egypt  founded  ?  Who  built  the  first  pyramid  ?  5.  What  people  con- 
quered Egypt?  Where  did  the  Egyptians  found  a  new  kingdom? 
6.  What  great  conqueror  did  Egypt  produce?     What  were  his  cou- 


questl 
arose  I 
Wlio 
U.   CI 
couqiJ 


HISTORY   OF   AFRICA. 


89 


clcnt 
,  men 
Idrcn 
iagca, 

I.    Tt 

a  city 
;queut 
hcops, 
s  ^Yho 
Dplc  iu 

astoral 
Egypt, 
eplierd 
ho  frc- 
antl  at 
Arab 
there. 
:ob  and 

■pt  was 

to  the 

c  o-rcat- 

■rod  the 

crossed 


khigdom 

>ople  con- 

ciugrtoin'.' 

his  cou- 


into  Europe;  while  in  Africa,  he  added  Libya  and  Ethiopia  to 
his  dominions.  All  his  bloody  wars  served  only  to  gratify  his 
ambition;  his  conquests  were  soon  lost,  and  Egypt  found  that 
she  had  shed  the  blood  of  her  best  soldiers,  and  wasted  her 
treasures  for  a  wicked  man. 

1.  Soon  after  this,  the  kings  oppressed  the  Israelites  so  that 
God  raised  up  Moses  to  deliver  them;  and,  in  consequence  of 
the  obstinacy  of  the  king,  visited  Egypt  with  every  species  of 
plague,  by  which  the  country  was  made  desolate.  After  the 
departure  of  the  Israelites,  the  king  pursued  them,  but  was 
overwhelmed  with  his  immense  army  in  the  Red  Sea. 

8.  About  910  B.  C,  another  conqueror  arose  in  Egypt; 
this  was  Sesonchis  or  Sesak,  who  aided  Jeroboam,  and  took 
Jerusalem.  Soon  after  Egypt  was  itself  conquered  by  the 
Ethiopians,  and  for  a  long  time  was  divided  into  several  states, 
which  frequently  made  war  on  each  other.  At  last,  in  610  B.  C, 
Psamraenitus  made  himself  king  of  all  Egypt.  His  son, 
Ncchao,  was  a  warrior;  he  conquered  the  Jews;  attacked 
Babylon,  but  was  defeated  by  Nabuchodonosor. 

9.  In  the  reign  of  Psamraenitus,  52 G  B.  C,  the  Persians 
conquered  the  country,  and  kept  possession  of  it  for  more  than 
a  hundred  years.  Amyrtaeus,  an  Egyptian,  then  freed  his 
country  from  the  Persian  yoke;  but,  in  350,  the  Persians 
agaii;  reduced  It,  and  kept  it  as  a  province  till  their  own  empire 
was  overthrown  a  few  years  after  by  Alexander  the  Great. 


quests  ?  7.  "Wliat  was  the  treatment  of  the  Jews  ?  8.  What  conqueror 
arose  in  Egypt  about  !)70  B.  C?  Who  soon  after  conquered  Egypt? 
Who  was  tlie  first  of  Egypt  after  this?  9.  Who  conquered  in  i,26 
B.  C?  Who  delivered  his  country?  When  did  the  Persians  re- 
conquer it  ?    Who  next  subdued  it  ?     10.  What  family  next  ruled  it  ? 

8* 


a 


r 

i 

II  i 

i 


mi. 


90 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


10.  On  the  death  of  Alexander,  the  country  was  given  to 
Ptolemy,  his  half-brother,  who  began  the  Grecian  dynasty 
323  B.  C.    The  first  Ptolemies  were  warlike  sovereigns  and 


•*%. 


Arabs  Traveling. 


extended  their  power;  but  they  became  tyrannical;  civil  dis. 
sensious  arose,  and  Ptolemy  XI.,  at  last,  left  his  throne  to  the 
Romans.  The  family  of  the  Ptolemies  continued  to  reign 
under  the  Romans,  till  the  time  of  Cleopatra,  a  queen  famous 


Who  was   the    last    of  the  Ptolemies?    Who  then    became    masters 


HISTORY   OF   AFRICA. 


91 


reign 


for  her  beauty  and  learning.  In  the  contest  between  Antliony 
and  Augustus  for  the  Roman  Empire,  she  joined  Anthony, 
whom  she  loved,  and  on  his  death,  killed  herself  with  a  poison- 
ous snake.  Egypt  then  became  a  Roman  province  and  was 
governed  by  a  pro-consul.     31  B.  C. 

11.  Egypt  had  gained  much  under  the  Ptolemies,  who  built 
Alexandria,  encouraged  learning  and  the  arts,  and  collected 
immense  libraries.  By  order  of  one  of  them,  the  Old  Testa- 
ment was  translated  into  Greek;  and  this  version,  now  called 
the  Septuagint,  was  that  used  by  our  Saviour  and  his  Apostles. 

12.  The  original  religion  of  the  Egyptians  was  the  grossest 
idolatry;  their  chief  gods  were  Iris  and  Osiris;  but  they  also 
worshipped  many  others,  and  paid  divine  honors  to  several 
kinds  of  animals,  reptiles  and  birds,  which  received  adoration 
when  alive,  and  sumptuous  funerals  after  death.  The  Persians, 
Greeks  and  Romans,  introduced  some  of  their  ideas;  but  soon 
after  the  country  became  a  Roman  province,  our  Saviour  en- 
tered Egypt  flying  from  king  Herod.  Then,  according  to  an 
old  tradition,  the  idols  all  fell  down;  but  from  that  time  idolatry 
declined. 

13.  Egypt  was  one  of  the  first  countries  where  the  gospel 
was  preached,  and  was  long  the  most  fervent  part  of  the 
Church.  In  spite  of  persecution,  truth  at  last  triumphed,  and 
no  country  produced  more  illustrious  saints.  Here  St.  Paul 
founded  the  life  of  hermits ;  St.  Anthony,  monasteries  for 
monks ;  and  St.  Syncletica,  convents  for  nuns.  Origen, 
St.  Athanasius,  and  many  other  illustrious  fathers  were 
Egyptians. 


of  Egypt?    11.  What  was  the  state  of  Egypt  under  the  Ptolemies? 
12.  What  was  the  religion  of  the  Egyptians  ?    13.  What  was  the  pro- 


ft. 


flit- 


2'*  ■ 

i 


m 


m 


m 


92 


FIRST   BOOK   OF    HISTORY, 


t 


fr  I 


I' ' 

hi 


Cairo. 


14.  When  Mahomet  founded  the  Saracen  power,  Egypt 
soon  fell.  Oraer  conquered  it  in  635,  and  destroyed  elinrches, 
monasteries  and  libraries.  As  the  power  of  the  Bagdad  caliphs 
declined,  Egypt  was  governed  by  its  own  caliphs  at  Cairo,  till  it 
was  conquered  by  Noureddin,  tlie  first  sultan.  The  greatest  of 
his  successors  was  Saladin,  who  led  the  Mahomedans  against 
the  Crusaders  in  the  twelfth  century,  and  founded  the  cele- 
brated body  of  soldiers  called  Mamelukes,  who  down  to  the 
present  century  were  the  ruling  power  in  Egypt. 


gi-ess  of  Christiauity  in  Egypt?    14.  Who  conquered  Egypt  in  the 


1 1 


HISTORY   OF   AFRICA. 


93 


15.  "Wlien  the  Turks  foniuled  their  empire  nnd  subdued  nil 
thut  is  now  Turkey,  they  overthrew  tiie  Saracens  in  Ejrypt  in 
l.^n,  and  ^iIlcethen  Ejfypt  has  been  {governed  by  pachas  under 
the  Turkish  sultan,  and  its  history  presents  few  matters  of 
interest  In  1798,  it  was  invaded  by  the  French  under 
Bonaparte,  who  soon  conquered  the  country 
restored  to  the  Turks  by  tlie  victories  of  ' 
this,  Mehemet  Ali  massacred  the  Maraelui\  j, 
to  make  E^ypt  independent.  He  was  a  m^" 
and  did  much  to  elevate  and  improve  his  people.  In  1831,  ho 
made  war  on  the  sultan  and  attempted  to  take  Syria,  but  was 
at  last  driven  back  by  the  united  armies  of  En«;:land,  Austria  and 
Turkey  in  1839.  By  a  treaty  signed  at  London  in  1841^ 
Egypt  was  guaranteed  to  Mehemet  Ali  and  his  descendants, 
under  the  title  of  pachas. 


')ut  was  soon 

lish.     After 

'cavored 

it  ability 


i 


KUBIA    AND    ABYSSIJflA. 


1.  Xubia  is  a  country  on  the  Ked  Sea,  lying  inunediately 
below  Egypt,  and  like  it  watered  by  the  Nile.  It  ah(Minds  in 
ruins  of  ancient  cities  and  temples,  and  has  been  at  various 
times,  and  is  now,  subject  to  Eg}"pt.    . 

2.  South  of  Nubia  lies  Abyssinia,  a  mountainous  country, 
partly  inhabited  by  the  Gallas,  a  savage  tribe,  and  partly  by 

seventh  century?  What  great  caliphs  ruled  Egypt?  15.  Who  con- 
quered Egypt  in  1517  ?  Who  invaded  it  in  1798  ?  What  great  Pacha 
governed  it  till  within  a  few  years  ? 

1.  Describe  Nubia.    2.  Describe  Abyssinia.    3.  What  was  Ethiopia 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGFT  (MT-3) 


1.0 


1.1 


11.25 


tii*23.    12.5 

■^  ^   122 
u   lift    "^ 


IJil 


Hiotographic 

Sciences 

Corporalion 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WEBSTH.N.Y.  MSIO 

(716)  •72-4503 


t     » 


^ 


or 


94 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


the  Abyssinians,  who  are  Christians,  but  almost  as  savage  as 
any  other  African  tribe.  Both  Nubia  and  Abyssinia  were  for- 
merly called  Ethiopia.  ,  ■■ 


Port  on  the  Red  Sea. 

3.  Ethiopia  was  in  ancient  times  a  civilized  and  enlightened 
country.  Its  kings  conquered  Egypt,  and  their  fame  spread  to 
the  tribes  in  Europe.  In  the  time  of  Solomon,  the  Queen  of 
Saba,  whom  the  Abyssinians  call  Maqueda,  visited  Jerusalem. 
She  was  one  of  the  wives  of  Solomon,  and  their  descendants, 
according  to  the  annals  of  the  country,  ruled  for  many  centu- 
ries. From  the  time  of  Solomon  many  Jews  were  to  be  fonnd 
in  Ethiopia,  and  about  the  time  of  our  Saviour's  death  a  cham- 


anciently  ?    What  queen  visited  Solomon  ?    Who  ruled  in  our  Saviour's 


HISTORY  OF  AFRICA. 


9ft 


-r3 


riour'8 


berlain  of  Queen  Candace  visiting  Jerusalem  on  a  pilgrimage, 
was  baptized  by  St.  Philip,  the  Deacon. 

4.  In  the  fourth  century,  the  whole  country  was  converted 
by  St.  Frumentius  and  Edesius,  two  brothers  from  Tyre.  The 
former,  ordained  bishop  of  Ethiopia  by  the  patriarch  Athana- 
sius,  of  Alexandria,  converted  Aizana,  the  king.  In  522,  Elcs- 
baan  was  king  of  Ethiopia.  Aroused  by  the  cruelties  practiced 
by  the  Jews  in  Arabia,  he  invaded  that  country,  and  restored 
the  freedom  of  the  Christian  worship. 

5.  The  Jews  in  the  country  formed  a  little  kingdom,  and 
about  the  middle  of  the  tenth  century,  Esther,  a  Jewess,  made 
herself  queen  of  all  Ethiopia,  and  cut  of  all  the  family  of  Solo- 
mon but  one  prince,  who  fled  to  Shoa,  and  founded  a  new 
kingdom.  A  Christian  dynasty,  called  Zegue,  succeeded  Esther, 
and  ruled  till  the  thirteenth  century,  when  the  Kings  of  Shoa 
became  kings  of  Abyssinia. 

6.  In  the  sixteenth  century,  the  Mohammedans,  under  Mo- 
hamet Graan,  attempted  to  conquer  the  country,  but  were 
defeated  by  Claudius  with  the  help  of  some  Portuguese.  Ber- 
mudez,  a  Catholic,  was  appointed  Patriarch  ;  some  Jesuit 
Fathers  were  sent,  and  every  effort  made  to  bring  the  Abyssi- 
nians  to  a  pure  and  uncorrupted  form  of  Christianity.  For  a 
time  they  succeeded,  the  Church  of  Abyssinia  submitted  to  the 
Pope,  but  in  a  few  years  the  Catholics  were  persecuted,  the 
missionaries  put  to  death,  and  to  the  joy  of  many  in  Europe, 
the  Abyssinians  returned  to  their  superstitions,  and  still  practice 
them. 

time?  4.  'When  was  Abyssinia  converted?  "Wliat  king  protected  the 
Arab  Christians ?  5.  What  kingdom  arose  in  the  fifth  century?  What 
new  Christian  kingdom  arose?  6.  What  Mahommedan  attempted  to 
conquer  Shoa?    What  efforts  were  made  to  reform  religion  ? 


<il 


m 


96 


FIRST  BOOK   OP  HISTORY. 


I  \ 

I 

I  \  ' 

M  I 


r 


BARBARY  STATES. 

1.  The  countries  lyiii!:!:  between  the  Atlas  Mountains  and  the 
Mediterranean  are  now  called  the  Barbary  States,  from  the 
Berbers,  who  are  the  descendants  of  the  ancient  inhabitants. 
Morocco  is  an  empire,  Algiers  a  French  colony,  Tunis,  Tripoli, 
and  Barca  independent  states,  governed  by  their  deys.  The 
inhabitants  are  chiefly  Mohammedans,  and  ti'.  lately  were 
known  as  pirates,  who  plundered  the  European  vessels  in  the 
Mediterranean  and  Atlantic. 


t- 


r  ■ 


h  I 


■  k  ' 


City  of  Morocco 


1.  Describe  the  Barbary  States.    2.  What  States  flourished  here  in 


i: 


i  ; 


AFRICA. 


V( 


2.  In  ancient  times,  Barca  was  occupied  by  the  Grecian 
colony  of  Cyreiie;  Tunis  and  Tripolis  by  the  Phoenician  colony 
of  Carthage;  Algiers  and  Morocco  by  the  kingdoms  of  Numidia 
and  Mauritania.  The  city  of  Carthage  was  near  Tunis.  It 
was  founded  by  Dido,  a  Phoenician  princess,  who  fled  from  the 
cruelty  of  her  brother,  about  8t8  B.  C.  Many  followed  her, 
and  they  formed  a  thriving  city.  Like  the  Phoenicians,  the  Car- 
thaginians were  a  commercial  people,  and  soon  sent  out  colonies, 
which  conquered  Sicily  and  Spain,  and  joined  Xerxes  against 
Greece.  In  264  B.  C,  they  began  a  war  with  Home,  which  was 
twice  renewed,  and  ended  in  the  fall  of  Carthage,  146  B.  C. 

3.  During  these  three  wars  the  Carthaginians  were  com- 
manded by  Hamilcar,  Asdrubal,  and  Hannibal.  Hannibal  led 
an  army  through  Spain  into  Italy,  and  nearly  overthrew  the 
Roman  republic;  but  was  recalled  and  defeated  at  Zama.  This 
ended  the  second  war.  But  the  Carthaginians  rebelled,  and 
their  city  was  taken  and  destroyed.  It  was  twenty-three  miles 
in  circuit,  and  was  seventeen  days  burning  before  it  was  com- 
pletely consumed. 

4.  Nun.idia  lay  west  of  Carthage;  it  maintained  its  indepen- 
dence for  a  time  by  becoming  tributary  to  Rome,  but  it  fell  in 
106  B.  C.  by  the  crimes  of  Jugurtha.  Mauritania  soon  followed, 
and  all  northern  Africa  became  a  Roman  province.  The  arts 
and  sciences  were  introduced,  and  Christianity  soon  was 
preached  in  all  parts.  St.  Cyprian,  St.  Augustine,  and  Ter- 
tullian  were  all  Africans  of  this  province.  , 


ancient  times?  Who  founded  Carthage?  By  whom  was  Carthage 
destroyed?  3.  Who  were  the  great  Carthaginian  generals?  What 
were  the  exploits  of  Hannibal  ?  How  large  was  Carthage  ?  4.  What 
can  you  tell  of  Numidia  ?    What  Fathers  of  the  Church  were  Africans  ? 

9 


) 


il3 


HI 


II 


m 


98 


FIRST    DOOK    OP    HISTORY. 


. 


6.  In  the  fifth  century,  all  northern  Africa  was  overrnn  by 
the  Vandals  who  ruled  for  about  a  hundred  years.  In  tht 
seventh  century,  it  was  conquered  by  the  Sarocens,  who  estab- 
lished several  distinct  Mohammedan  states,  which  have  sul)- 
slsted  to  the  present  time,  subject  first  to  the  caliphs,  and  then 
to  the  sultans,  but  generally  independent.  The  Americans  were 
the  first  to  check  their  piracy,  the  English  next ;  but  in  1880, 
the  French  took  Algiers,  and  put  a  stop  to  their  ravages. 

While  their  piracy  lasted,  thousands  of  Christians  were  held 
in  slavery,  and  religious  orders  were  formed  to  ransom  them, 
and  many  friars  took  the  place  of  prisoners  to  enable  them  to 
escape.  St.  Vincent  of  Paul,  the  most  benevolent  man  of  mo- 
dern times,  was  onco  a  slave  in  Algiers,     v:      •   .'         -.     . 


v 


H 


OTHER  AFRICAN  STATES. 

1.  The  history  of  the  other  parts  of  Africa  is  unknown.  The 
interior  is  inhabitated  by  negroes,  and  in  Senegambia  and 
Guinea  many  are  sold  as  slaves.  At  the  Gape  of  Good  Hope 
is  a  colony  founded  by  the  Dutch,  but  taken  from  them  by  the 
English,  who  for  many  years  have  waged  war  with  the  Cafifres, 
a  barbarous  tribe.     '       ■■  ■■^'  ^j  .     =     ;  •   . 


lit 


5.  Who  conquered  northern  Africa  in  the  fifth  century  ?  Who  in  the 
seventh  ?  Who  checked  the  piracy  of  these  people  t  Who  took  Algiers 
in  1830? 

l.What  can  you  tell  of  the  other  African  States ? 


▲FRIOA. 


09 


CHRONOLOGY  OF  AFRICA. 


■^  B.  0. 

Egypt  founded, 21H8 

Shuphcrd  Kings  rule  Egypt, IfiOO 

So80HtriH  flouriHhcd, l/>r>0 

Cnrthage  founded, 813 

Pcralana  conquer  Egypt, fi26 

Alexander  conquers  Egypt, U32 

Carthago  destroyed  by  the  Romans, 146 

Egypt  conquered  by  the  Romans, 30 

A.  o. 

St.  Anthony  flourishes, 320 

Ethiopia  converted, 327 

Vandals  conquer  northern  AiVica, 43!) 

Saracens  conquer  Egypt  and  Barbary, 650 

Turks  conquer  Egypt  and  Barbary, 1517 

Portuguese  in  Abyssinia, 1517 

Dutch  colonize  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 1515 

Egypt  invaded  by  Napoleon, 1798 

Barbary  States  chastised  by  America,           1815 

Algiers  taken  by  the  French 1830 

Mehcmet  Ali,  pacha  of  Egypt,  died, 1848 


It* 


100 


FIRST   nOOK   OF  HISTORY. 


n 


GEOGRAPHY  OF  EVROPE. 

Q.  In  what  part  of  the  eastern  continent  is  Europe  ? 

A.  Europe,  the  smallest  of  the  divisions  of  the  eastern  con- 
tinent, lies  in  the  north-west.  It  is  separated  from  Africa  by 
the  Mediterranean  Sea,  and  from  Asia  by  the  Ural  Mountains. 

Q.  How  does  it  rank  among  the  various  divisions  ? 

A.  Although  the  smallest,  Europe  has  long  been  the  most 
powerful  of  the  great  divisions.  The  nations  of  Europe  colo- 
nized America,  and  still  control  many  other  parts. 

Q.  What  parts  of  Europe  attained  great  eminence  in  ancient 
times  for  civilization  and  power  ? 

A.  The  first  European  states,  in  ancient  times,  that  attained 
eminence  and  power  were  Greece  and  Rome.  Rome  finally 
conquered  Greece,  Spain,  France,  England,  and  Germany,  as 
well  as  parts  of  Asia  and  Africa,  and  introduced  civilization 
throughout  the  parts  that  had  been  barbarous. 

Q.  What  was  the  fate  of  the  Roman  Empire  ? 

A.  This  empire  at  last  perished,  destroyed  by  the  Huns  from 
Asia,  and  savage  tribes  from  Norway  and  Sweden,  who  founded 
various  new  kingdoms,  some  of  which  still  subsist. 

Q.  What  are  the  principal  powers  in  Europe  now  ? 

A.  At  this  time  the  chief  states  are  England,  France,  Russia, 
Spain,  Portugal,  Sweden,  Denmark,  Turkey,  and  the  various 
states  of  Germany  and  Italy. 


m 


GEOGRAPHY   OF   EUROPE. 


101 


MAP     OF     EUROPE. 


..j-^':, 


'/^ 


102 


FIRST  BOOK   OF   UISTORY. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  EUROPE. 


I 


1.  Bound  Europe. 

2.  ^Vhat  oceans  on  tho  north?  On  the  west?  What  sea  on  the 
south?    ^Vhat  continent  on  the  east? 

3.  What  seas  between  Europe  and  Asia?  What  three  seas  in  the 
north?    N.  E.  W. 

4.  What  country  occupies  all  the  east  of  Europe?  What  country  is 
between  the  Baltic  and  North  Sea  ?  Between  the  North  Sea  and  the 
Atlantic  ?    Between  the  North  Sea  and  the  Mediterranean  ? 

5.  What  country  between  France  and  Russia?  ins.  Germany. 
What  arc  the  two  largest  German  States?    Ana.  A.  and  P. 

6.  What  small  republic  between  France  and  Austria?  What  two 
countries  between  the  Mediterranean  and  Atlantic?  ^Vhat  long  penin- 
sula in  the  Mediterranean  ? 

7.  What  country  is  between  the  Gulf  of  Venice  and  the  Black  Sea  ? 
What  country  south  of  Turkey?  What  sea  east  of  Greece?  Ans. 
The  Archipelago. 

8.  What  mountains  between  France  and  Spain  ?  Between  Italy  and 
Switzerland?  In  Turkey?  Between  Europe  and  Asia ?  Between  the 
Black  Sea  and  the  Caspian  Sea? 

9.  In  what  country  is  the  river  Loire  ?  The  Tiber  ?  The  Danube  ? 
The  Dnieper  ?    The  Don?    The  Volga  ? 

10.  In  what  country  is  London?  Rome?  Berlin?  Madrid?  St. 
Petersburg?  Dublin?  Athens?  Brussels?  Stockholm?  Lisbon? 
Copenhagen  ?    Vienna  f 


THE  HISTORY   OF  EUROPE. 


108 


GREECE. 


1.  Greece  was  settled  by  the  descendants  of  Japhet,  and  as 
it  was  settled  at  different  times,  several  small  states  arose;  the 
greatest  of  which  were  Athens  and  Sparta,  both  founded,  as  is 
supposed,  fifteen  hundred  years  before  Christ. 

2.  These  colonies  were  at  first  extremely  rude,  and  were  fre- 
quently at  war  with  each  other.  The  names  of  many  kings  are 
mentioned,  but  the  accounts  of  their  kings  and  heroes  arc  so 
mixed  up  with  stories  of  the  gods  and  goddesses  they  worship- 
ped, that  there  is  no  certainty  about  it. 

3.  The  greatest  of  the  early  kings  of  Athens  was  Theseus, ' 
of  whom  many  brave  deeds  are  recorded.  In  his  time  took 
place  the  Argonautic  expedition  to  Colchis,  on  the  Black  Sea, 
a  war  in  which  most  of  the  Grecian  princes  joined.  The  next 
general  war  was  that  against  Troy,  in  which  Agamemnon,  king 
of  Mycence,  led  the  nations  of  Greece  to  avenge  the  wrongs  of 
Menelaus,  king  of  Sparta,  whose  wife  Helen  had  been  carried 
off  by  Paris,  a  Trojan  prince.  After  a  long  siege  of  ten  years, 
the  city  of  Troy  was  taken  and  burnt. 

4.  According  to  one  account  the  Greeks  got  into  Troy  by  a 
stratagem.  Pretending  to  be  tired  of  the  long  war,  they  made 
a  wooden  horse  as  an  offering  to  the  gods,  and  pretended  to  sail 
away.  They,  however,  sent  one  man  to  persuade  the  Trojans 
to  take  the  horse  into  the  town,  and  the  foolish  Trojans  took  it 


1' 


1.  By  whom  was  Greece  settled?  And  how?  What  were  the  two 
great  states?  2.  What  can  you  tell  of  the  early  history  of  Greece? 
3.  Who  was  the  greatest  king  of  Athens  ?  What  expedition  took  place 
iu  his  time?    What  was  the  next  general  war?    4.  IIow  was  Troy 


m 


104 


FIRST   BOOR   OF  HISTORY. 


in.  This  horso  was  full  of  men,  and  by  night  they  got  oat,  and 
opened  the  gates  to  the  Greeks. 

6.  The  last  king  of  Athens  was  Codrus,  who  laid  down  uiS 
life  for  his  country.  The  idolatrous  priests  had  declared  that 
the  nation  which  lost  its  king  in  the  next  battle,  would  triumph 
in  the  war.  Codrns,  hearing  this,  rushed  into  the  midst  of  the 
battle,  and  was  slain.  The  Athenians,  seeing  this,  easily  won 
the  day,  but  felt  so  much  respect  for  Codrus,  that  they  would 
not  choose  another  king,  and  were  governed  by  Archons. 

6.  After  some  time,  the  history  of  Greece  'jecomes  more  cer- 
tain. About  884  B.  G.,  Lycurgus,  king  of  Sparta,  a  wise  and 
intelligent  man,  reformed  the  constitution  and  introduced  many 
laws  to  make  the  people  brave,  hardy  and  temperate.  Soon 
after,  the  Olympic  Games  were  restored,  and  in  all  the  states 
of  Greece  men  imitated  the  Spartans  so  as  to  be  able  to  win 
the  prizes  at  these  games,  for  boxing,  wrestling,  running  and 
driving. 

T.  Athens  received  a  new  constitution  from  Draco,  a  good 
but  very  severe  man,  whose  laws  were  extremely  cruel.  Solon, 
a  philosopher  and  patriot,  modified  these  laws:  he  divided  the 
people  into  classes,  erected  a  senate  and  a  court  of  justice,  and 
endeavored  to  put  a  stop  to  the  political  parties  which  agitated 
the  state.  Before  he  could  succeed,  Pisistratus,  the  head  of  a 
party,  by  pretending  to  have  been  wounded  by  his  enemies, 
caused  a  revolution  and  became  king. 

8.  Pisistratus,  although  he  had  usurped  the  throne,  reigned 


taken  ?  6.  Who  was  the  last  king  of  Athens  ?  How  did  he  die  ?  Wliat 
form  of  government  followed  ?  6.  Who  was  Lycurgus,  and  what  did  he 
do  ?  What  were  restored  about  this  time  ?  7.  Who  gave  a  new  consti- 
tution to  Athens  ?    What  great  legislator  followed  ?    Who  usurped  the 


tia 


THE    HI3T0RY   OF   El'ROPK. 


105 


well;  ho  established  order,  encoiirnj^ed  learning  nnd  the  arts, 
and  erected  many  beantlfnl  buildings.  In  his  time  the  ;)ocra8 
of  Homer  were  first  collected,  and  have  ever  since  been  the  ad- 
miration of  the  world.  Homer  was  a  poor  blind  man,  who 
sang  his  verses  about  the  war  of  Troy,  and  was  so  little  thought 
of  in  his  life  time,  that  we  do  not  know  where  ho  was  born, 
nor  when  nor  where  he  died. 

9.  After  the  death  of  Pisistratus,  his  two  sons  ITipplns  and 
Ilipparchus,  succeeded  him;  but  one  having  given  offence  to  a 
young  man,  the  latter  and  his  friends  formed  a  plot  and  assas- 
sinated Hipparchus,  but  lost  their  «»wn  lives.  The  movement, 
however,  had  begun,  Hippias  was  soon  expelled  and  Uarmodius 
was  celebrated  as  a  martyr  to  liberty. 

10.  About  five  hundred  years  before  Christ,  Darius,  king  of 
Persia,  determined  to  conquer  Greece,  instigated  by  Ilippias. 
He  advanced  against  that  country  with  an  array  of  500,000 
men,  but  the  Greeks  were  undaunted;  the  Athenians  raised  a 
small  army  and  met  the  PersiaiLS  at  Marathon.  Here  a  bloody 
battle  was  fought,  and  the  Persians  were  entirely  defeated. 
Miltiades,  the  Athenian  general,  soon  after  died  in  prison, 
where  he  was  confined  by  his  ungrftteful  countrymen. 

11.  The  defeat  of  this  army  did  not  dishearten  the  Persians. 
Xerxes,  a  new  king,  raised  an  army  of  nearly  a  million;  but  he 
was  a  proud  and  foolish  king.  On  his  march,  he  ordered  a 
mountain  to  get  out  of  his  way,  and  punished  the  sea  by  lash- 
ing it  with  chains  for  dispersing  his  fleet.     He  entered  Greece, 


kingdom?  8.  What  caa  you  tell  of  Pisistratus?  9.  Who  succeeded 
Pisisti'atiis?  How  did  thoir  power  end?  10.  Who  nmde  war  on  Athena 
about  this  time?  Who  defeated  the  Persians?  What  became  of  Mil- 
tiades?     11.  Who   next   invaded   Gi'eece?    Tell   some  of  his  foolish 


106 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


B.  C,  480. 


but  his  immense  array  was  stopped  at  ThermopylaB  by  6000 
Spartans,  under  their  king,  Leonidas.  Xerxes  ordered  him  to 
give  up  his  arms.  "Come  and  take  them,"  said  Leonidas. 
Xerxes  tried,  but  his  bravest  troops  v/ere  cut  to  pieces,  al- 
though the  stout  Spartan  had  sent  away  all  but  a  few  hundred 
men,  and  he  never  would  have  taken  it,  if  a  Greek  traitor  had 
not  led  him  around  by  a  secret  path.  Leonidas  and  his  party 
were  then  killed  and  Xerxes  marched  on  to  Athens,  which  he 
burnt  to  the  ground. 

12.  Xerxes  was  now  in  the  height  of  his  glory;  but  the 
Athenians,  under  Themistocles,  defeated  his  fleet  at 
Salamis,  and  with  the  Spartans  routed  his  army  at 

Platsea.  Humbled  by  these  reverses,  Xerxes  fled  to  Persia, 
leaving  his  army  in  Greece.  The  Persians  fought  hard  to 
maintain  their  ground  but  were  repeatedly  defeated  by  Cimon 
the  Athenian,  and  at  last,  all  expelled. 

13.  Greece  was  now  at  the  summit  of  her  military  fame. 
Athens,  under  Cimon,  Pericles  and  Alcibiades,  was  the  seat  of 
learning  and  art.  Here  flourished  the  poets  ^schylus,  Aris- 
tophanes and  Pindar,  Euripides  and  Sophocles;  Phidas,  the 
greatest  of  sculptors;  the  painter  Zeuxis;  Lysias,  the  orator; 
Hippocrates,  the  physician ;  and  Herodotus,  the  father  of  his- 
tory. Pericles  was  one  of  the  best  men  that  Greece  ever  pro- 
duced. He  ruled  for  forty  years,  and  yet  on  his  death-bed 
could  say,  that  not  one  of  his  fellow-citizens  had  ever  been 
compelled  to  put  on  mourning  by  any  act  of  his. 

14.  Under  Alcibiadpo  a  war  broke  out  with  Sparta,  which 


acts.  Where  was  he  stopped?  12.  Who  defeated  Xerxes  on  sea  and 
land?  What  was  the  result  of  the  war?  13.  What  was  the  state  of 
Greece  at  this  time  ?     What  eminent  man  flourished  ?    What  can  you 


THE  HISTORY   OF   EUROPE. 


lot 


431-405. 


lasted  twenty-eight  years  and  ended  in  the  total 
hamiliation  of  Athens.  It  is  known  as  the  Pelopon- 
nesian  war.  Lysander,  the  Spartan  general,  overthrew  the 
popular  government,  and  appointed  thirty  captains  to  rule 
Athens;  but  their  conduct  was  so  cruel  that  they  are  known  in 
history  as  the  thirty  tyrants.  After  three  years  of  bondage  the 
Athenians  rose  and  expelled  them. 

15.  About  this  time  there  lived  at  Athens  a  very  wise  man 
named  Socrates.  Although  brought  up  in  idolatry,  he  saw  its 
absurdity,  and  taught  his  disciples  that  there  was  only  one 
God.  His  enemies  made  use  of  this  to  ruin  him,  and  at  last 
had  him  put  to  death,  ^^s  he  was  dying,  one  of  his  friends  re- 
gretted that  he  should  dij  innocent.  "  Would  you  have  me 
die  guilty?"  he  asked,  teaching  us  not  to  fear  death,  but  to 
fear  sin,  which  is  worse  than  death. 

16.  Sparta  next  made  war  on  Thebes,  another  of  the 
Grecian  States.  The  other  states  joined  Sparta,  but  the 
Thebans  were  brave  and  resolved  to  maintain  their  indepen- 
dence. Led  by  her  great  generals  Pelopidas  and  Epaminondas, 
Thebes  broke  for  ever  the  power  of  Sparta  in  the  bloody  battles 
of  Leuctra  and  Mantinea.  In  the  last,  Epaminon- 
das died  in  the  arms  of  victory.  These  two  generals 
were  also  good  men  and  noble  patriots. 

17.  These  civil  wars  ruined  Greece;  her  resources  were 
gradually  exhausted;  her  great  men  had  fallen;  corruption  and 


B.  G.  363. 


f 


^ 


I53- 


;ii 


tell  of  Pericles?  14.  What  war  broke  out  under  Alcibiades?  Who 
conquered  Athens?  What  government  followed?  How  long  did  it 
last?  15.  What  philosopher  lived  about  this  time?  What  can  you  tell 
of  him  ?  16.  What  state  did  Sparta  next  attack  ?  Who  were  the  great 
Thcbon  geaerals?    17.  What  was  the  effect  of  these  civil  wars?    Who 


m 


108 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


intrigue  prevailed.  Philip,  king  of  Macedon,  a  territory  in 
the  north  of  Greece,  had  acquired  great  power,  and  when  a 
new  war  arose  among  the  states  about  the  temple  of  Apollo  at 
Delphi,  he  advanced  with  an  army,  and  tdough  Demosthenes 
roused  all  Greece  against  him,  he  defeated  the  united  armies  of 
Athens  and  Thebes  at  Chieronea.  He  was  now  master  of 
Greece,  and  had  been  appointed  to  command  the  armies  raised 
for  the  conquest  of  Persia,  when  he  was  assassinated. 

18.  On  the  death  of  Philip,  his  son  Alexander,  succeeded  to 
to  his  power.     He  was  only  twenty  years  of  age,  but  he  had 

been  carefully  educated,  and  had  already  shewn  him- 
self  an  able  general  and  a  good  soldier.  On  his  ac- 
cession several  northern  tribes  revolted,  but  he  soon  reduced 
them ;  and  as  Thebes  and  Athens  were  endeavoring  to  throw 
off  his  yoke,  he  defeated  the  Thebans,  destroyed  their  city, 
and  thus  overawed  the  rest.  An  assembly  of  the  states  was 
convened  at  Corinth,  and  here  Alexander  was  appointed  com- 
mander-in-chief against  Persia. 

19.  Alexander  soon  entered  Asia  with  an  army  of  35,000 
men,  and  defeating  the  Persians  at  the  Granicus,  conquered 
Asia,  Minor.  Darius,  himself,  met  him  at  Issus,  but  was  de- 
feated with  great  loss,  and  all  Syria  fell  into  the  power  of 
Alexander.  Tyre  resisted  him,  but  after  a  long  siege  was 
taken,  and  every  cruelty  exercised  on  its  brave  defenders. 
Alexander  then  marched  to  Jerusalem,  but  spared  it,  and 
afterwards  conquered  Egypt. 

20.  Darius  endeavored  to  make  peace;  but  Alexander  again 


now  acquired  supreme  power?  "What  orator  opposed  him?  18.  Who 
succeeded  Philip?  Who  opposed  him?  19.  What  were  the  results  of 
Alexander's  war  with  Darius?     20.  What  was  the  end  of  Dai'ius? 


THE  UISTORY   On'   EUROPE. 


109 


10 

bf 

I? 


Alexander  taming  Bucephalus. 

advanced,  and  by  the  victory  of  Arbola,  became  master  of 
Persia.  Darius  fled,  but  was  soon  after  murdered  by  one  of 
Ills  officers.  The  conqueror  then  subdued  various  tribes  in  tluit 
part  of  Asia,  while  his  general,  Autipater,  defeated  the  Spar- 

10 


3' 


I! 


i 


13 
if  i 

c 

'Si  ' 


no 


FIRST    BOOK   OF    HISTORY. 


tans  who  had  revolted  in  Greece.    The  last  exploit  of  Alexan- 
der was  the  invasion  of  India. 

21.  Alexander  had  now  reached  the  pinnacle  of  glory,  and 
was  one  of  the  greatest  conquerors.  He  had  some  good  quali- 
ties— he  was  brave,  generous  and  liberal,  but  proud,  vain,  ambi- 
tious, and  at  last  drank  to  excess.  While  under  the  influence 
of  liquor  he  set  fire  to  Persepolis,  killed  his  friend  Glitus,  and  at 
last  died  in  the  year  324. 

22.  On  the  death  of  Alexander,  Greece  fell  to  Cassander, 
one  of  his  generals,  but  for  many  years  it  was  plunged  in  the 
wars,  especially  those  of  the  Achaean  league  against  the  Mace- 
donians, in  which  Aratus  and  Fhilopcemen  acquired  great 
renown.  At  last,  in  the  year  197,  the  Romans  attacked 
Macedon,  defeated  the  king,  and  in  a  few  campaigns  overthrew 
the  power  founded  by  Philip,  after  it  had  lasted  nearly  two 
hundred  years. 

23.  Greece  now  prospered  for  a  time  under  the  Achasan 
league,  to  which  Sparta  and  Corinth  belonged.  They  at  last, 
however,  were  rash  enough  to  provoke  the  Romans,  who  sent 
the  Consul  Mummius  to  subdue  them.  Corinth  the  capital  was 
taken  and  burnt,  the  men  put  to  the  sword,  the  women  sold  as 
slaves.  Thus  ended  in  146  B.  C,  the  independence  of  Greece, 
and  the  country  became  under  the  name  of  Achaia,  a  part  of 
the  Roman  dominion. 

24.  The  history  of  Greece,  as  a  Roman  province,  is  not  re- 


What  wag  Alexander's  last  exploit?  21.  What  is  the  character  of 
Alexander?  22.  To  whom  did  Greece  pass  on  Alexander's  death? 
What  league  was  soon  after  formed?  Who  overthrew  the  Macedonian 
power?  23.  Who  conquered  the  Acliajans ?  What  did  Greece  now  be- 
come?    24.  What   change  took  place  while  Greece  was  a  Roman 


TllK    niriTOKV    OF    EUROPE. 


HI 


er  of 
Icath? 
Ionian 
kv  be- 
loman 


St.  Paul  preaching  at  Athena. 

markable.  Soon  after  the  establishment  of  the  Chnrch,  St. 
Paul  preached  the  gospel  in  varions  parts,  and  gradually  the 
whole  country  became  Christian  in  spite  of  great  persecutions. 
In  the  year  306  A.  C.  Constantine  the  Great,  who  had  become 
Christian,  founded  Constantinople,  and  made  it  the  seat  of  his 
empire.  After  this,  the  idolaters  were  excluded  from  the  cities, 
and  from  living  in  villages  were  called  in  Greek,  pagans. 

25.  In  395  Theodosius,  the  last  of  the  great  Roman  emperors 
died,  and  his  two  sous  divided  the  territories.  Arcadius 
founded  the  Greek  Empire  which  lasted  several  centuries.     It 

province?  Who  transferrod  the  Empire  to  Greece?  25.  What  hap- 
pened in  395  ?    What  did  the  Greek  Empire  embrace  ?    What  was  its 


I 


r 

I: 


r 

itr 

h 

i 

Ill 

Iff  . 


li 


4 
■■s 


112 


FIRST    BOOK    OF    HISTORY. 


U  . 

II! 


'1  < 


■   \    i 

1*1 


embraced  Greece,  Turkey  and  Egypt ;  then,  all  Christian 
countries;  and  many  eminent  doctors  flourished,  as  St,  Basil, 
St.  Chrysostora,  St.  Gregory.  The  history  of  the  Greek 
Empire  is  uninteresting;  the  country  was  attacked  by  barba- 
rians, and  the  people  divided  by  various  heresies,  in  which  the 
emperors  often  took  part. 

26.  Among  the  greatest  sovereigns  were  St.  Pulcheria,  the 
daughter  of  Arcadius,  equally  eminent  for  her  piety  and  virtues 
as  a  woman,  and  her  skill  and  genius  as  a  ruler.  Justinian  I.^ 
is  famous  for  the  code  of  laws  compiled  in  his  reign,  and  for  the 
victories  achieved  by  his  generals  Belisarius  and  Narses,  over 
the  barbarians  in  Italy  and  Africa.  He  died  in  565.  Hera- 
clius,  who  was  crowned  in  610,  was  a  great  warrior;  he 
defeated  the  Persians  in  six  campaigns,  and  during  his  reign 
enjoyed  a  state  of  peace  which  it  had  seldom  known. 

27.  After  this  it  was  governed  by  many  weak  and  wicked 
kings;  and  in  the  time  of  the  crusades  so  often  betrayed  these 
warriors  of  the  west  that  they  took  Constantinople,  and  for  sixty 
years  French  or  Latin  princes  governed  the  empire.  The  Sara- 
cens took  all  the  Asiatic  possessions  of  Greece;  the  Turks  went 
further:  in  1453  they  took  Constantinople;  the  last  emperor, 
Constantlne,  died  lighting  amid  his  English  guards,  and  the 
Greek  Empire  ceased  to  exist. 


TUKKISII    EMPIRE. 


28.   Greece  then  took  the  name  of  Turkey  and  has  been  so 
called  to  the  jirosent  time,  cxcopt  a  small  portion  in  the  south 

history  ?    26.  Who  were  the  greatest  sovereigns  ?    27.  By  whom  Miid 


f!! 


mmm 


wicked 
these 
sixty 
Sara- 
went 


THE   HISTORY   OP  EUROPE. 


113 


which  became  independent  a  few  years  since.  The  Tnrks  made 
Constantinople  their  capital.  Maliomet  II,,  the  first  sulton, 
was  a  wise  and  politic  prince.  Selira  coniiuercd  all  Northern 
Africa;  Solyman,  the  magnificent,  attempted  to  take  Vienna, 
and  the  other  sultans  likewise  tried  to  extend  their  conquests 
in  Europe,  but  always  in  vain.  The  Knights  of  Malta  long 
held  Rhodes,  and  afterwards  Malta  against  them,  as  the  Vene- 
tians did  Candia. 

29.  After  the  time  of  Mahomet  IV.  who  conquered  that 
island,  but  was  defeated  by  Sobieski  at  Vienna,  the  Turkish 
power  declined.  The  power  was  in  the  hands  of  a  body  of 
soldiers  called  Janizaries,  who  frequently  put  the  sultans  to 
death,  and  raised  others  to  the  throne.  This  formidable  body 
was  broken  up  and  massacred  by  the  emperor  Mahmoud  only  a 
few  years  since. 

30.  Russia  has  for  the  last  century  been  gradually  encroach- 
ing on  Turkey,  and  now  occupies  some  of  her  territories  with  a 
powerful  army.  In  1821  Greece  revolted  and  became  inde- 
pendent; the  Pacha  of  Egypt,  Mehemet  All,  did  the  same,  and 
endeavored  to  overthrow  the  power  of  the  sultan,  but  was  at 
last  defeated. 

31.  The  Turks  are  Mahomedans,  and  adhere  to  their  Asiatic 
customs,  although  many  changes  have  been  introduced  by  the 
last  two  sultans;  the  Turks  are  the  ruling  people  in  the  empire, 


jen  so 
south 


km  wurf 


the  empire  seized  for  a  time?  Who  took  the  African  and  Asiatic 
provinces?  Who  finally  ovcrtlircw  the  empire?  28.  "WHiat  name  did 
Greece  then  take?  AV'ho  wore  the  ^''^'iitcst  sultans?  Who  Itnii^ 
opposed  them?  29.  After  wliose  rcij^n  did  their  power  decline?  \\  ho 
■were  the  Janizaries?  30.  What  has?  been  the  relation  of  lliissia  to 
Turkey  ?    What  province  revolted  in  the  present  century  ?    31.  Describe 

10* 


114 


FIRST  BOOK  OF   HISTORY. 


but  there  are  many  Greek,  Armenian  and  other  Christians,  who 
do  not  now  experience  much  oppression,  although  formerly 
much  persecuted. 


\<> 


[■: 


n 


MODERN   GREECE. 

32.  When  the  Greeks,  by  the  help  of  England,  France  and 
Russia,  achieved  their  independence,  at  the  decisive  battle  of 
Navarino,  they  formed  a  republic  and  elected  Count  Capo 
d'Istria  as  president.  He  was  assassinated  in  1829,  and  then 
the  European  powers  made  it  a  kingdom,  and  chose  as  the 
first  king  Otho,  a  Bavarian  prince,  who  has  governed  them 
ever  since.  * 


CHRONOLOGY  OF  GREECE. 

B.  C. 

Greece  settled  by  Inachus, 1856 

Athens  founded, 1556 

Trojan  war, 1184 

Lycurgus  makes  laws  for  Sparta, 884 

Draco  for  Athens, 624 

Persians  invade  Greece, 480 

Pericles, 445 

The  Peloponesian  war, 431 


the  Turks?    32.  What  government  did  the  Greeks  adopt?    Who  was 
the  first  president  ?    Who  is  now  king? 


THE  HISTORY  OF   EUROPE.  lift 

Philip  conquers  Greece, 338 

Alexander  begins  Iiis  reign, 336 

Ttic  Achsnan  league, 251 

Macedonian  power  destroyed, 197 

Greece  conquered, 116 

A.  c. 

Roman  Empire  transferred  to  Greece, 395 

Crusaders  seize  the  Empire, 1204 

Greek  Empire  overthrown, 1453 

Solyman  reigns, 1529 

Greeks  revolt, 1821 

Greece,  a  kingdom,  .        . 1832 


( i 


ITALY. 


THE  ROMAN  REPUBUC. 


B.  C. 

11856 

1556 
lll84 
884 
624 
480 
445 
431 


'w  -r- 


1.  Italy  is  a  fine  country  in  the  south  of  Europe,  extending 
into  the  Mediterranean  in  the  form  of  a  boot.  It  is  traversed 
by  the  Apennines,  and  encircled  on  the  north  by  the  Alps,  and 
contains  the  only  volcanoes  in  Europe;  these  are  Vesuvius, 
Etna,  and  Stromboli.  The  soil  is  fertile,  the  climate  delightful, 
and  its  position  for  commerce  excellent. 

2.  Italy  was  once  the  seat  of  the  powerful  Koman  Empire, 
but  has  long  been  divided  into  several  small  states.  The  Pope 
presides  over  one  of  these,  and  resides  at  Rome;  although  as  a 


■J ! 


was 


1.  Describe  Italy.    2.  Of  what  empire  was  it  the  seat  ?    Of  what 


V 

l«  t 


116 


FIRST   BOOK    OF   HISTORY 


The  Popo  blessing  tlie  People. 

temporal  prince,  his  power  is  very  trifling,  yet  as  head  of  the 
Catholic  Churcli,  he  reigns  over  as  many  hearts  as  the  greatest 
emperor  ever  did  over  subjects, 

2,   Italy  was,  iu  aucieut  times,  divided  into  several  small 


i( 


states, 
before 
of  a  I 
e.\j)osc 
a  she  w 
brothe 
was  coi 
after  d 
3.  F 
Hostiliu 
TuNius, 
wisely,  a 
quln  II. 
at  a  erir 
from  the 
4.  On 
republic. 
Many  sta 
king  of  CI 
taken  the 
army  at  tl 
prevented 
5.  In  th 
Tarquin;  i 
common  p 
patricians, 
actually  re 

power  now  2 
whom  was  I 
tlieir  charact 


1 ^ 


mB  msTonv  OF  «-R0PB, 
etotcs,  ofilitTiTCnt  orwin     n„ 
•f-  Cl,n,.,  ,y  t:X:-„.^"l!n  '"""f "-  "-"^  «2  ^crs 

«cpo.,cd  ou  ,|,e  Tiber,  b„t  floa  ,„"  ',  "'""  '""''•  "'«/  »„re 
«  «l.e  wolf.  Shortly  a  tor  fo™  ,"*^  ,?  "'  ""°  ™'-*''^^'f  'V  » 
brother,  and  ruled  alo/'  I,  at?  .,"'{'  ''"'""''"^  """-^d',,-, 
7s  compelled  ,„  .at  «„'  l^r:""  '"^  ""''""''■  R"™"'- 
after  died.  *'"=  "^  »»  associate,  and  soon 

Ho*tt:iit:~T::i;  ??-  "■"  '^«'^""-.-  ^-n- 

Tullins,  and  Tarqui„'linLto"d  Ti'm'  ■""""'"  ''  ««"™ 
-foly,  and  extended  the  pl^  ra„dt  "'  "";'"''  ^"'"""^ 
q«m  n.  was  a  tyrannical  pnnee  and  ,"""''  "'  ^°""'-  Tar- 
at  a  eria.0  committed  by  Ws  l"!*'  ':;"'''''  "t  Ia.t.  roased 
from  tl,e  throne,  and  exnell,    1,T    !  f ""'  ^'"'^  ''™ 

republic,  to  be  governed  bv  two  n  ,'"°'"''  '"''<'»  R"™"  » 
Many  states  made  war  on  Romll  "?'''  '""'"'  ^''"^  ^'ar. 
ki"o"of  Clusium,  advanced  with V;/"''"'"  '''"•^•""-  Porsenna, 
taken  the  city,  had  not  Horati  s  a  ,  "T'  """  ^"""^  ''"'o 
army  at  the  head  of  a  b  die      ;,?»""  ^'"»""'  "''^ked  Lis 

Ti"l-?  "'™^  '■""'  °'^^«K.   *""'  '"' "  """■"'  ""-J 

Tarqui^^JeHhrXga:  fo"!"!  f"'^"  ""  '"-  ^ends  of 

:!!!^:!!:i^4:iro7t 

power  now'    3  jTf,  ~  " 

whom  ,™  R„„„  <.„;„,™  'f'f  °;f  "«y  *-vi,Icd?    wie„,  .„a  w 


< 


i! 


• 


I } 


118 


FIRST   DOOK    OF   HISTORY. 


493  B.  C. 


return  till  tho  patricians  nprccil  to  the  olcctio:  of 
tribunes  of  the  people  to  defend  their  rij,'hts. 

6.  Coriolanus  was  a  brave  nobleman  who  had  won  several 
victories.  IIo  was  a  great  opponent  of  the  common  people,  and 
tho  tribunes  had  him  banished.  Indignant  at  this,  he  joined 
the  Volscians,  raised  an  army,  and  marched  on  Home.  The 
people  now  endeavored  to  appease  him,  but  neither  the  senators 
nor  priests  could  move  him.  As  a  last  hope,  his  mother  went 
out  to  intercede  for  Rome.  Coriolanus  was  a  good  son,  he 
yielded  to  her  prayers,  and  exclaiming,  "Mother,  thou  hast 
saved  Rome,  but  lost  thy  son!"  withdrew  his  army.  For  tliis 
the  Volscians  put  him  to  death. 

1.  From  this  period,  the  Romans  gradually  extended  their 
dominion  hi  Italy  under  Cincinnatus,  Garaillus,  and  other  brave 
generals.  The  government  was  for  a  time  in  the  hands  of  ten 
men,  called  Decemvirs,  chosen  at  first  to  form  a  code  of  laws; 
but  as  they  became  tyrannical,  and  were  guilty  of  great  crimes, 
their  power  was  abolished,  xn  385  B.  C,  Brennus,  king  of  the 
Gauls,  a  people  of  France,  invaded  Italy,  took  Rome,  killed 
the  senators,  and  many  of  the  people,  but  were  at  last  driven 
out.  About  300  B.  C.  the  Romans  conquered  the  Samnites 
and  Latins,  and  soon  after  defeated  Pyrrhus,  king  of  Epirus, 
who  had  invaded  Italy. 

8.  When  the  Romans  had  conquered  all  Italy,  they  at- 
tempted to  take  Sicily.  This  led  to  a  war  with  Carthage, 
which  claimed  that  island.    This  war  is  called  the  Punic  war; 


Rome  now  become ?  What  king  made  war  on  them  '■  ixonv  long  did 
these  wars  continue  ?  What  troubles  came  next  ?  7.  Who  was  Corio- 
lai.u8,  and  what  is  his  story?  8.  What  brave  generals  flourished?  Who 
rulfdfor  a  time?    Who  invaded  Italy  in  385?    What  wars  followed? 


i; 
ii 


rriE  HISTORY     p  RmoPi. 


119 


of 


ley  at- 

Irthage, 

ic  war; 


jiong  did 
Cono- 
id   Who 
Qllowed? 


it  was  twice  renewed,  ond  ni;  'V  Imttk-s  were  fonprht  in  AfricA, 
Italy,  nnd  Spain.  Hannibal,  the  ('iirthojrinian,  ietl  ai>  army 
from  Africa  tiirough  Spain,  and  over  ilie  Alps  into  Italy,  llrro 
he  defeated  the  llonmns  at  Cannir,  with  such  slaujf liter  that  the 
gold  rings  of  the  knights  were  gathered  in  baskets;  hnt  Irs 
em  ir;oL  recalled  him  to  Corthage,  and  made  pace.  The  ('jir- 
l.i'  ji.  ifi  ,1  renewed  the  war  again,  but  were  defeated,  and  tueir 
ciiy  was  destroyed,  146  B.  C. 

'J.  In  the  same  year  the  Romans,  who  had  previou.*«ly 
defeated  the  Macedonians,  conquered  the  Greeks,  and  Wwia 
mnsleicj  o^  Greece,  Italy,  Spain,  and  all  northern  Africa,  \x <re 
rapidly  advancing  into  Asia.  Amid  all  these  victories,  Ror-ie 
was  threatened  by  the  Teutons  and  Cimbri,  two  Gernwa 
nations,  who  invaded  Italy,  and  after  their  defeat,  by  a  civil 
war  between  Marius  and  Sylla,  two  eminent  generals,  whose 
struggle  filled  Rome  with  blood  and  terror. 

10.  In  the  east,  Mithridates,  king  of  Pontus,  was  con- 
quered, and  Syria  reduced  by  Pompey.  Cicero,  the  greatest 
of  Roman  orators,  suppressed  at  Rome  the  conspiracy  of  Cata- 
line,  a  wicked  nobleman  who  endeavored  to  destroy  his  country. 
Caesar,  an  able  writer  and  general,  conquered  Gaul,  invaded 
Germany  and  Britain,  and  Cassius,  another  general,  invaded 
Persia,  but  was  defeated. 

11.  Ccesar  and  Pompey  were  now  at  the  head  of  powerful 
armies,  and  a  civil  war  ensued.  Pompey  was  defeated  at  Phar- 
salia,  and  fleeing  to  Egypt,  was  basely  murdered.     His  party 


What  led  to  the  wars  with  Carthage  ?  What  are  these  wars  called  t 
What  were  the  oxploits  of  Hannibal  ?  9.  What  were  the  next  Roman 
conquests?  Who  invatled  Italy?  What  civil  war  ensued?  10.  Who 
were  conquered  iu  the  ea^t?    What  great  Roman  flourished?    11.  Be- 


\] 


<  I 

!■ 

1 

I 
ii 

11 


Ii 

i! 


120 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


held  out  in  Africa  and  Spain,  but  was  soon  reduced,  and  Caesar 
was  proclaimed  perpetual  dictator.  He  did  long  enjoy  his 
power,  a  conspiracy  was  formed  against  him,  and  he  was 
stabbed  in  the  senate  house,  44  B.  C. 

12.  Brutus  and  Cassius,  the  heads  of  the  conspiracy,  en- 
deavored to  restore  the  repubiic,  but  were  defeated  by  the 
adherents  of  Cajsar,  led  by  Octavius  and  Anthony.  A  new  civil 
war  broke  out  between  them,  and  Octavius,  having  defeated 
Anthony  at  the  battle  of  Actium,  31  B.  C,  remained  solo 
master  of  the  Roman  power.  Taking  the  name  of  Augustus, 
he  assumed  the  title  of  emperor.  Peace  now  prevailed,  and  at 
this  moment  our  Saviour  was  born. 

13.  The  Roman  Empire,  at  that  time,  included  Britain, 
France,  Spain,  Portugal,  Italy,  Greece,  Turkey  in  Europe  and 
in  Asia,  all  northern  Africa,  and  Egypt;  and  as  this  was  all 
ruled  by  one  man,  the  apostles  and  their  disciples  easily  pene- 
trated to  all  these  countries  to  preach  the  Gospel,  and  St. 
Peter,  the  chief  of  the  apostles  stationed  himself  at  Rome. 

14.  After  Augustus,  many  emperors  followed,  elected  by  the 
soldiers,  or  seizing  the  throne  by  force.  Occasionally  a  son 
would  succeed  his  father,  but  this  was  rare.  Many  of  them 
were  monsters  of  wickedness,  and  almost  all  persecuted  the 
Christians.  Among  these  wicked  men  were  Tiberius,  a  gloomy 
tyrant,  Caligula,  who  made  his  horse  consul,  and  Nero,  who 
killed  his  own  mother,  and  after  setting  fire  to  Rome,  accused 
the  Christians  of  it,  and  put  many  to  death,  among  the  rest, 
St'.  Peter  and  St.  Paul. 


twecn  whom  did  a  civil  wnr  break  out?  Where  did  Caesar  triumph? 
How  did  he  die?  12.  What  did  Brutus  try  to  do?  With  what  suc- 
cess? What  next  ensued?  Who  triumphed?  What  did  Augustus 
found?    13.  What  did  the  Roman  Empire  include?    14,  What  wicked 


THE   HISTORY   OF   EUROPE. 


121 


the 

Bon 
them 

the 
oomy 

who 
cused 

rest, 


15.  Daring  the  persecutions  which  now  began,  the  Christians 
took  refuge  in  the  Catacombs,  or  quarries  under  Rome,  and 
even  here  many  were  killed.  These  Catacombs  still  exist,  and 
abound  in  monuments  of  the  early  Christians,  which  are  very 
consoling  for  us,  and  teach  us  to  love  our  religion  although 
governments  and  nations  may  treat  us  as  poor  and  ignorant  and 
superstitious. 

16.  Some  of  the  emperors  were  better  men,  as  Galba, 
Vespasian,  Titus,  who  destroyed  Jerusalem,  Trajan,  Adrian, 
Aurelius,  and  Severus,  who  were  brave  men,  and  generally 
governed  well,  although  they  were  so  prejudiced  against  the 
poor  Christians  that  they  treated  them  very  cruelly.  Under 
them  the  empire  extended,  and  at  last  Diocletian,  finding  it  too 
large  for  one  man  to  govern,  took  one  associate,  and  afterwards 
two  others.  He  was  very  cruel,  and  persecuted  the  Christians 
so,  that  he  boasted  that  he  had  destroyed  their  religion,  but, 
instead  of  that,  he  was  himself  the  last  pagan  emperor. 

17.  After  the  resignation  of  Diocletian  a  civil  war  ensued, 
but  Constantine,  the  son  of  a  Christian  lady,  triuinphed  over 
all,  and  having  been  converted  by  the  miracle  of  a  cross  ap- 
pearing in  the  heavens,  became  a  Christian,  and  began  to  over- 
throw idolatry  in  the  empire,  306  A.  C.  He  removed  the  seat 
of  his  power  to  Constantinople,  and  from  this  time  Italy 
became  only  a  province. 

18.  Julian,  one  of  the  successors  of  Constantine,  returned  to 
paganism,  and  is  commonly  called  the  apostate.     He  was  a 


*     1 


emperors  ruled?  15.  Where  did  the  Christians  aesomble?  16.  Name 
some  of  the  better  emperors  ?  How  did  uU  treat  the  Christians  ?  Who 
was  the  last  pagan  emperor?  What  was  his  character?  17.  Who  suc- 
ceeded ?    What  can  you  tell  of  him  ?    18.  Who  was  Julian  ?    What  did 

u 


ISfi 


FIRST   BOOK   OP   HISTORY. 


proud  and  cruel  prince,  and  after  oppressing  the  Church,  was 
killed  in  battle  with  the  Persians.  The  greatest  of  the  suc- 
ceeding emperors  was  Theodosius  the  Great,  who  defeated  the 
Goths  and  Huns,  and  overthrew  Maximus,  who  attempted  to 
seize  the  empire.  Theodosius  was  a  mild  and  forgiving  prince, 
but  having  on  one  occasion  massacred  several  thousand  people 
in  a  revolted  city,  St.  Ambrose  excluded  him  from  the  Church, 
till  he  had  done  penance  for  it. 

19.  Theodosius  was  not  long  at  peace,  he  was  next  attacked 
by  Arbogastes,  who  had  murdered  Yalentinian,  the  associate 
emperor,  and  proclaimed  Eugenius.  Theodosius  was  however 
victorious,  but  died  soon  after,  leaving  his  empire  to  be  divided 
between  his  two  sons,  Honorius  and  Arcadius,  the  former  in 
the  west,  the  latter  in  the  east,  395  A.  C. 

20.  Under  Honorius,  the  western  empire  sunk;  before  his 
death  the  Vandals  ravaged  France  and  Spain,  and  conquered 
Africa;  the  Suevi  subdued  Spain,  the  Franks  France,  and  the 
Goths,  under  Alaric,  took  Rome,  and  became  masters  of  Italy, 
but  subsequently  settled  in  Spain.  Aetius,  a  brave  general, 
called  the  last  of  the  Romans,  for  a  few  years  upheld  the  glory 
of  Rome,  and  defeated  several  of  these  warlike  tribes;  but  in 
451  Attila,  king  of  the  Huns,  appeared  at  the  head  of  an  im- 
mense army.  Roman,  Goth,  and  Frank,  now  united,  and  in  the 
terrible  battle  of  Chalons,  Aetius  defeated  the  Huns,  who  left 
over  one  hundred  thousand  dead  on  the  field.  The  next  year 
Attila  invaded  Italy,  and  after  defeating  the  armies  sent 
against  him,  was  advancing  on  Rome,  when  Pope  St.  Leo  in- 
duced him  to  make  peace. 


he  do  ?    19.  What  can  you  tell  of  Theodosius  the  Great  ?    What  hap- 
pened on  his  death?     20.  What  province  was  taken  by  barbarians? 


THE   HISTORY   OP  EUROPE. 


123 


21.  Soon  after  this,  Italy  was  invaded  by  the  Vandals  from 
Africa,  and  after  a  succession  of  feeble  emperors,  Odoacer, 
king  of  the  Heruli,  deposed  Romulus  Augustulus  the  last 
emperor  of  Rome,  476  A.  C.  Thus  ended  the  Roman  Empire, 
which  had  lasted  1229  years  from  the  building  of  the  city. 
God  had  raised  it  up  as  a  means  of  propagating  the  Church,  and 
it  was  now  no  longer  needed. 

22.  The  Ostrogoths,  or  Eastern  Goths,  again  invaded  Italy 
in  489,  and  under  Theodoric,  founded  a  new  kingdom,  which 
under  that  wise  and  generally  good  monarch,  attained  great 
prosperity.  Soon  after  his  death,  Italy  was  invaded  by  Belisa- 
rius,  a  general  of  the  Greek  Empire,  who  conquered  it  and  took 
the  Gothic  king  prisoner;  but  the  Goths  rallied  under  Totila; 
but  Narses,  the  successor  of  Belisarius,  defeated  and  killed  him 
and  Teias,  the  last  of  the  Gothic  kings  of  Italy.  The  whole 
country  thus  passed  again  to  the  emperors  of  the  east. 

23.  About  568,  Alboin,  king  of  the  Lombards,  conquered 
what  is  now  called  Lombardy;  but  the  rest  of  Italy  for  two 
centuries  remained  a  province  of  the  Greek  Empire,  governed  by 
the  exarchs  of  Ravenna,  then  the  capital.  In  152  the  Lom- 
bards attacked  the  exarchate;  and  the  Pope,  the  Father  of 
Italy,  after  in  vain  invoking  the  aid  of  the  Greek  emperor, 
called  on  Pepin,  king  of  France,  who  invaded  Italy,  defeated 
the  Lombards,  and  wresting  from  them  their  new  conquests 
bestowed  them  on  the  Holy  See,  and  thus  founded  the  temporal 
power  of  the  Popes.  The  Lombards  soon  after  attempted  to 
re-conquer  it,  but  v/ere  defeated  by  Charlemagne,  who  in  774 


What  brave  general  saved  Rome  ?  Who  invaded  Italy  ?  21.  Who  next 
invaded  Italy?  When  was  the  empire  overthrown?  22.  What  people 
next  conquered  Italy?    Who  reconquered  it?    23.  What  people  then 


124 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


put  an  end  to  the  Lombard  kingdom.  In  consequence  of  this 
and  other  services,  Charlemagne  was  in  800  crowned  by  the 
Pope,  emperor  of  the  west. 

24.  On  the  death  of  Charlemagne,  Italy  with  the  imperial 
title  passed  to  his  son  Lothaire,  but  soon  became  divided  among 
several  princes ;  the  Normans  not  long  after  expelled  the 
Greeks  and  Saracens  from  the  south,  and  founded  a  new  king- 
dom. For  a  time  the  history  of  Italy  is  uninteresting  till  the 
reign  of  the  great  Pope  Gregory  VII.,  who  endeavored  to  free 
the  Church  from  the  tyranny  of  the  German  emperors,  and 
maintained  a  noble  struggle  against  Henry  IV. 

25.  In  1095,  Pope  Urban  I.,  moved  by  the  representations 
of  Peter  the  Hermitj  roused  Europe  to  attempt  the  recovery  of 
Jerusalem  from  the  Saracens,  and  by  his  eloquent  appeal  at 
Clermont  in  France,  originated  the  first  crusade,  in  which  the 
Norman  princes,  especially,  entered  with  zeal.  Fifty  years 
after,  Pope  Eugene  and  St.  Bernard  again  aroused  Europe  to 
save  the  Christian  Kingdom  of  Jerusalem;  and  though  other 
Popes  used  their  influence,  and  other  crusades  were  proclaimed, 
Jerusalem  was  finally  lost. 

26.  During  this  period  Venice  arose  to  be  a  great  commer- 
cial republic,  and  under  her  Doges  possessed  great  power  in  the 
east.  Other  republics  arose  at  Genoa  and  Florence,  and 
Italy  thus  became  the  centre  of  liberty,  enlightenment,  arts  and 
manufactures.  As  a  part  of  the  German  Empire,  Italy  was  in 
the  thirteenth  century  the  scene  of  the  civil  war  between  the 


seized  the  noi'th?  Wlio  defeated  tlicm?  Who  fiimlly  overthrew  tho 
Lombard  kingdom?  24.  Who  next  formed  a  kingdom  in  the  south?  Who 
began  to  oppose  the  emperors  ?  25.  What  Topes  encouraged  the  cru- 
sudes  ?    2G.  What  republics  arose  in  Italy  ?    What  civil  war  desolated 


the 

Who 

cru- 

ilated 


t 


THE    HISTORY    OF    KLUOPE. 


125 


The  Crusades — Jerusalem. 

Gaelphs  and  the  Ghibelines.  Soon  after  the  French  seized 
Sicily,  but  were  expelled  by  the  Arragonese,  and  a  long  war 
ensued  marked  by  great  cruelties, 

27.  The  struggle  between  the  emperors  and  Popes  con- 
tinued, and  at  last,  Clement  Y.,  in  1309,  to  escape  the  oppres- 
sion of  the  emperor  removed  to  France,  and  for  many  years  the 
Popes  resided  at  Avignon.  During  their  absence,  Rome  and 
Italy  were  in  a  very  distracted  state.  A  period  of  great  pros- 
perity followed  their  return,  and  Florence,  under  the  Medici^ 
attained  a  great  degree  of  splendor. 


the  country?  What  nations  contended  for  Sicily?   27.  Who  removed  the 
popedom  to  Avignon?    What  was  the  state  of  Italy  during  their  ab- 

n* 


126 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


28.  Leo  X.,  of  this  family,  became  Pope  in  1513.  He  was 
a  great  patron  of  learning  and  the  arts,  and  began  the  church 
of  St.  Peters.  Luther  soon  after  began  to  attack  the  doctrines 
of  the  Catholic  Church.  Henry  VIII.  of  iingland  rejected  the 
supremacy  of  the  Pope;  and  in  France  and  Germany  many 
other  Reformers  began  to  make  new  religions,  each  according 
to  his  own  way  of  thinking.    To  remedy  this,  the  Pope  sum- 


The  FortresB  of  Gaeta,  as  seen  from  Cicero's  Villa 

moned,  in  1545,  a  general  council  at  Trent,  and  the  bishops  from 
all  diflferent  countries  unanimously  agreed  to  the  former  doc- 


seuce?    What  followed  their  return  ?    28.  What  happened  in  the  reigu 


THE   HISTORY   OF   EUROPE. 


12t 


!  was 
lurch 
rines 
a  the 
nnny 
•ding 
sum- 


t 


trines,  while  not  even  in  one  country  could  the  Protestant 
doctors  agree. 

29.  After  this,  few  events  occurred  in  the  history  of  Italy 
till  the  French  revolution,  when  all  the  north  was  conquered  by 
Bonaparte,  and  the  Republics  of  Venice  and  Genoa  overthrown. 
Rome  was  conquered,  the  Poj)e  imprisoned,  and  after  a  time, 
Napoleon  took  the  title  of  King  of  the  Lombardo-Venetian 
Kingdom,  and  King  of  Rome,  and  g<\ve  to  his  brother-in-law 
the  Kingdom  of  Naples. 

30.  After  the  fall  of  Napoleon,  Lombardy  and  Venice  were 
given  to  Austria;  Savoy,  Piedmont,  Genoa,  and  the  Island  of 
Sardinia,  formed  the  Kingdom  of  Sardinia;  the  Pope  and  the 
King  of  Naples  recovered  their  territories.  In  this  state 
Italy  continued  till  1848,  when  revolution  broke  out  in  all 
parts  headed  by  Charles  Albert,  the  ambitious  King  of  Sardi- 
nia, but  the  Austrians  recovered  Lombardy,  the  French  re- 
stored the  Pope,  and  the  King  of  Naples  reduced  Sicily  which 
had  revolted. 


. 


rom 

doc- 

eigu 


f 


CHROJfOLOGY   OF   ITALY. 

B.  C. 

Rome  built, 752 

Kings  expelled, 609 

The  Decemvirs, 452 

Brcnaus  takes  Rome, 390 

Romans  conquer  most  of  Italy  by 338 

of  Leo  X?  What  can  you  tell  us  of  the  council  of  Trent?  29.  What 
changes  took  place  in  Europe  during  the  French  revolution  ?  30.  What 
took  place  in  Italy  in  18i8? 


128  FIRST  BOOK  OF  HISTORY. 

First  Panic  War  began, 264 

Hannibal  defeats  the  Romans  at  Canna;, 216 

Macedonia,  a  Roman  province, 148 

Carthage  destroyed  and  Spain  reduced, 146 

Greece  a  Roman  province, 140 

Numidia  subdued, 133 

Teutons  and  Cimbri  invade  Italy, 105 

Civil  war  of  Marius  and  Sylla, 88 

War  against  ^iithridates, 87 

Syrea  and  Judea  taken, 05 

Gaul  conquered, 58 

Civil  war  between  Ca?sar  and  Pompcy, 49 

Caesar  assassinated, 44 

Battle  of  Actium — foundation  of  Roman  Empire,          ...  31 

A.  c. 

Constantine  converted, 3()G 

The  empire  divided  into  the  Eastern  and  Western,         .       .        .  395 

Roman  Empire  ended, 476 

Goths  in  Italy, 489 

Lombards  found  a  kingdom, 568 

Temporal  power  of  the  Pope, 752 

Popes  remove  to  Avignon, 1309 

Leo  X.,  Pope, 1513 


SPAIN    AND    PORTUGAL. 


1.  Spain  and  Portugal  occupy  a  large  peninsula  on 'the 
south-west  of  Europe,  between  tlie  Atlantic  and  Mediterranean, 
separated  from  France  by  the  Pyrenees.     It  is  intersected  by 


I! 

! 

:) 
;i 


1.  Describe  Spain  and  Portugal.    2.  Who  were  the  original  iuhabi- 


THE   HISTORY  OF   EUROPE. 


129 


133  B.  C. 


several  ranges  of  moantains,  and  abounds  in  minerals.   The  soil 
is  fertile,  and  the  country  well  watered. 

2.  The  original  inhabitants  of  Spain  were  the  Celts  and  Ibe- 
rians, who  lived  in  a  barbarous  state.  Tlie  first  civilized  people 
who  visited  it,  were  the  Phcenicians  and  Carthaginians,  who 
built  cities  on  the  coast,  and  founded  flourishing  colonies,  which 
tended  much  to  civilize  the  people.  On  the  fall  of  Carthage, 
the  Romans  overcame  Viriathus,  the  Lusitanian,  and 
conquering  Numantia,  became  masters  of  Spain. 

3.  While  a  Roman  province,  Spain  was  converted  to  Chris- 
tianity, but  in  the  fifth  century  of  the  Christian  era  was  con- 
quered by  the  Suevi,  Alains,  Vandals,  and  at  last  by  the  Goths, 
under  Astolphus,  who  founded  a  kingdom  which  lasted  till  111, 
when  Rodcric,  the  last  of  the  Goths,  was  killed  iu  the  battle  of 
Xeres,  by  the  Saracens  from  Africa,  who  soon  overran  the 
country. 

4.  The  Goths  had  been  Arians,  but  Leovigild,  the  last 
Arian  king,  having  put  his  son  Ermenigild  to  death  as  a  Ca- 
tholic, was  succeeded  by  his  second  son,  Recared,  who  became 
a  Catholic,  and  proved  an  excellent  monarch.  Of  the  other 
Gothic  kings  one  of  the  greatest  was  Waraba,  who  after  a  glo- 
rious reign,  lost  his  crown  by  being  dressed  in  a  monk's  habit, 
while  in  a  trance,  and  on  his  recovery  being  obliged  to  wear  it. 
Roderic,  the  last  king,  was  a  tyrant,  and  the  Moors  or  Sara- 
cens, under  Muza  and  Tarlc,  were  invited  over  by  the  noble- 
men who  were  opposed  to  him. 


tants  of  Spam?    Who  first  viKitcd  U?    Who  finally  conquered  it? 

3.  What  happened  while  it  \va:   a  Roman  province  ?     What  barbarous 
nations  invaded  it?     Which  founded  a  kingdom?    How  long  did  it  last? 

4.  Of  what  religion  were  the  Goths?    Who  was  the  first  Catholic  king? 


130 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


^V. 


5.  Spain  was  now  a  province  of  the  caliphate,  governed  by 
Emirs.  Tlio  greatest  of  these  was  Abdcrahman  who  led  an 
immense  army  into  Franco,  to  conquer  Europe,  but  was  de- 
feated and  killed  by  Charles  Martel  at  Tours,  in  733.  Some 
years  after  this,  another  Abderahman,  a  Syrian  prince,  and  last 
heir  of  the  Ommiadcs  caliphs  escaped  to  Spain,  and  founded  a 
new  caliphate  at  Cordova,  which  soon  rose  to  great  splendor. 

6.  During  the  period  of  these  caliphs,  arts  and  literature 
flourished  in  Spain,  and  under  the  reign  of  Hixem,  the  last 
caliph,  the  great  Almansor  sustained  the  glory  of  the  Saracen 
name.  On  his  death,  Ilixem  was  deposed,  and  after  a  civil 
war,  Mahommedau  Spain  was  divided,  in  1031,  into  several 
kingdoms. 

7.  Meanwhile  several  other  kingdoms  had  been  formed  in  the 
north  by  the  Christians,  which  gradually  encroached  on  the 
Moors.  The  first  of  these  was  Asturias,  founded  soon  after 
Roderic's  death  by  Pelayo,  a  Gothic  prince.  Nava.'re,  Castile, 
Leon,  Arragon,  and  Portugal,  afterwards  arose.  These  were 
often  at  war  with  the  Moors,  and  the  Cid  is  noted  for  his 
exploits  against  them.  Among  the  greatest  princes  of  this 
period  in  Spain  are  Alphonsus  the  Learned,  St.  Ferdinand,  and 
Peter  the  Cruel. 

8.  Castile  and  Leon  soon  united,  and  in  the  latter  part  of 
the  fifteenth  century,  were  governed  by  Isabella,  who  married 


What  was  the  character  of  Roderic  ?  5.  What  did  Spain  now  become  ? 
Who  was  the  greatest  Emir  ?  How  did  he  die?  Who  founded  the  Cali- 
phate of  Cordova?  6.  What  was  the  state  of  Spain  under  its  caliphs? 
Who  was  the  last  ?  Who  supported  it  during  his  reign  ?  What  followed 
his  death  ?  7.  What  had  the  Christians  done  meanwhile  ?  Name  these 
kingdoms?  What  chiefly  occupies  their  history?  Who  were  the 
greatest  kings  and  warriors?    8.  What  two  great  kingdoms  finally 


J 


TUB    IlISTORV    OF    EUKOPK. 


131 


Ferdinand,  king  of  Arragon.  Navarre  was  soon  added  to  their 
otlier  states,  and  tliey  next  resolved  to  overthrow  the  Moorish 
power  in  Spain.  Alter  a  long  war,  Granada  was  taken,  in 
1492,  and  Boabdil,  the  last  of  the  Moorish  princes,  retired  to 
Africa,  and  Spain  was  once  more  entirely  Christian.  Isabella 
was  a  woman  of  great  virtne  and  ability;  by  her  aid  Colniubus 
obtained  means  to  set  out  to  discover  the  New  World,  and 
America  was  added  to  the  Spanish  dominions. 

9.  Charles  I.,  grandson  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  was  the 
first  king  of  all  Spain.  Having  been  elected  erai)eror  of  (jier- 
raany,  most  of  his  reign  was  spent  there,  or  in  conducting  his 
wars  with  France.  In  the  midst  of  his  greatness  he  resigned 
his  throne,  and  was  succeeded  in  Spain  by  his  son,  in  Germany 
by  his  brother,  155G  A.  C. 

10.  Philip  II.  was  the  greatest  of  Spanish  kings;  besides 
Spain,  he  was  king  of  Sicily,  duke  of  Milan,  and  the  Nether- 
lands, and  by  his  marriage  with  Mary,  queen  of  England,  was 
titular  king  of  that  country.  His  long  reign  was  marked  by 
great  events:  parts  of  the  Netherlands  revolted,  and  became  a 
republic,  and  in  a  great  expedition  against  England,  his  fleet 
was  dispersed  and  destroyed;  but  he  frequently  defeated  the 
French,  and  added  Portugal  to  his  dominions. 

11.  Portugal  had  been  founded  in  the  twelfth  century  ~ 
Henry  of  Burgundy,  and  had  long  been  a  small  but  flourishing 
kingdom.    John  II.  was  an  enterprizing  monarch,  who  excited 


I 


united  ?  What  other  kingdom  was  soon  added  ?  What  project  did  they 
form?  When  was  Granada  taken  ?  AVhat  became  of  Boabdil  ?  What 
was  the  character  of  Isabella  ?  9.  Who  succeeded  Ferdinand  and  Isa- 
bella? What  can  you  tell  of  his  reign?  What  other  title  had  he? 
How  did  he  cease  to  reign?  10.  What  were  the  possessions  of  Philip? 
What  were  the   events  of  his   reign?    11.  By  whom  was  Portugal 


182 


I'IRBT   UUOK   UF   HISTORY. 


his  people  to  improve  the  advantage  of  their  position  on  the 
sea  coast,  and  Portugal  became  a  commercial  power.  Tlie  Cfipo 
of  Good  Hope  was  discovered  in  1497,  and  the  Portugnesc  dis- 
covered the  passage  to  the  East  Indies,  and  colonized  Brazil. 

12.  In  1578  Sebastian,  a  young  king,  and  almost  tite  last 
heir  of  the  family,  led  an  army  into  Africa,  but  was  defeated 
and  slain.  His  uncle,  the  aged  Cardinal  Henry  succeeded,  and 
died  soon  after.  Mnny  claimants  appeared,  but  Philip  II. 
seized  the  vacant  throne,  and  for  sixty  years  Portugal  and 
Spain  were  united.  At  the  expiration  of  that  time,  John, 
dulcc  of  Braganza,  in  one  day  achieved  a  revolution,  which 
placed  him  on  the  throne,  and  his  family  still  rule  over  Por- 
tugal. 

13.  For  a  long  period  Spain  was  noted  for  her  extensive 
conquests  and  rich  colonies  in  America;  but  when  the  Moors 
were  driven  out  of  the  country,  this  and  emigration  greatly 
enfeebled  her,  and  she  sank  in  importance.  At  the  beginning 
of  the  last  century  Charles  II.  died  childless;  and  as  two  claim- 
ants appeared  —  Philip,  a  French  prince,  and  Leopold,  an 
Austrian,  a  war  ensued  called  the  war  of  the  succession,  in 
which  Philip  finally  triumphed  although  England  aided  Austria. 

14.  The  Bourbon  family  have  reigned  till  the  present  time. 
During  the  French  revolution  a  dispute  arose  between  Charles 
III.  and  his  son  Ferdinand ;  Napoleon  entrapped  both  and 
placed    his  brother  Joseph  on  the  throne.     The   Spaniards 


r 


founded  ?  Wliat  great  king  ruled  towards  the  close  of  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury? 12.  What  was  the  history  of  Sebastian?  Who  succeeded  him? 
On  his  death  who  seized  the  throne?    Who  finally  freed  Portugal? 

13.  For  what  was  Spain  long  noted?  What  weakened  her?  What 
king  died  childless?    Who  then  claimed  the  throne?    What  ensued? 

14.  What    family  have  since   reigned?     What  occurred    during  the 


THE   HISTORY   OF    EUROPE. 


133 


drcliircil  for  Fcrdinnnd;  En^irlnnd  nldod  tlicm,  nnd  for  several 
years  the  pciiinsala  was  deluged  with  blootl.  The  Freneh  were, 
however,  expelled,  and  Ferdinand  VII.  restored;  he  at  first 
granted  a  constitution,  but  with  the  help  of  a  French  army 
revoked  it, 

15.  During  this  war,  Portugal  was  also  invaded  by  the 
French,  and  the  royal  family  fled  to  Brazil.  When  peace  was 
restored,  John,  the  regent,  returned,  but  Brazil  became  an  inde- 
pendent empire  under  Pedro  I.,  a  prince  of  the  royal  family. 
About  the  same  time,  all  the  Spanish  provinces  on  the  conti- 
nent of  America  revolted  and  formed  republican  governments, 
BO  that  Spain  and  Portugal  lost  nearly  all  their  colonies. 

ir>.  On  the  death  of  Pedro,  in  1820,  Don  Miguel  ascended 
the  throne  of  Portugal,  but  after  a  time  a  party  was  formed 
against  him  by  the  ex-emperor  of  Brazil,  who  proclaimed  his 
daughter,  Maria,  and  she,  at  last,  expelled  Miguel  in  1834, 
formed  a  constitutional  government  by  the  help  of  other  coun- 
tries, and  reigned  till  her  death  in  1853,  when  she  was  suc- 
ceeded by  her  husband,  Peter  of  Saxe  Coburg. 

17.  A  similar  scene  occurred  in  Spain  on  the  death  of  Fer- 
dinand VII.  in  1833,  Charles,  his  brother,  claimed  the 
throne  on  the  ground  that  Ferdinand  left  no  son,  and  that 
daughters  were  excluded.  Christina,  the  mother  of  Isabella, 
took  up  arms;  a  civil  war  ensued,  and  Charles  was  at  last  de- 
feated by  tiic  aid  of  England  and  France,  and  Isabella 
ucknowled,;cd  (luccn. 


French  revolution?  Who  wua  placed  on  the  throne?  15.  What  was 
the  state  of  l*ortnp;al  then  ?  What  colony  became  an  eini)ire  ?  10.  What 
civil  war  took  place  in  l'urtu.<i(al?  Wlio  was  tinully  exiwUed?  Who 
succeeded?  17.  What  began  iu  Spain  in  lH'Si'!  Who  claimed  the 
throne?     Which  succeeded? 

12 


i'-l 
I 


134  FIRST    BOOK   OF    HISTORY. 


CHRONOLOGY  OF  SPAIN  AND  PORTUGAL. 

B.  C. 

The  Phoenicians  visited  Spain  about 1000 

Spain  conquered  by  the  Carthaginians  about     ....  228 

Spain  reduced  by  the  Romans, 134 

Spain  invaded  by  the  Suevi,  Alains  and  Vandals  about   .       .         400 

"         "        "    "   Goths, 419 

Goths  converted  to  Catholicity, 589 

Gothic  Monarchy  destroyed  by  the  Saracens,       .       .        .       .714 

Kingdom  of  Asturias  founded, 718 

Abderahman  elected  Caliph, 755 

Kingdom  of  Portugal  founded, 1139 

End  of  the  Caliphate, 1031 

Kingdom  of  Granada  founded, 1238 

Union  of  Castile  and  Arragon, 1474 

Granada  conquered  by  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,    .       .       .       .1492 

Portugal  taken  by  Philip  XL, 1580 

Portugal  recovers  her  independence, 1640 

Joseph  Bonaparte  proclaimed  king, 1808 

War  of  Don  Miguel  in  Portugal, 1826 

Carlist  war  in  Spain, 1833 


i'\ 


FRANCE. 

1.  France  is  a  beautiful  country,  lying  on  the  Atlantic 
between  England  and  Spain,  It  is  fertile,  populous,  and  well 
cultivated ;    possesses   great  commercial  advantages,   and   is 

1.  Describe  France.    2.  WTio  were  the  first  inhabitants?    What  was 


' 


L'!' 


THE  HISTORY  OF  EUROPE. 


135 


B.  C. 

1000 
228 
134 
400 
419 
589 
714 
.  718 
755 
1139 
1031 
1238 
1474 
1492 
1580 
1640 
1808 
1826 
1833 


'|n(«:*i^>5<r^ 


France 


noted  for  its  fine  and  costly  manufactured  goods.    The  people 
have  always  been  fond  of  war  and  are  seldom  long  at  peace. 

2.  France  was  originally  inhabited  by  the  Gauls,  a  Celtic 
race,  who  were  brave  and  warlike,  but  not  as  civilized  as  the 


was 


their  coadition  and  rcligiou?     3.  What  king  invaded  Italy?    Wliore 


186 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


Greeks  and  Romans.  They  had  no  knowledge  of  letters,  and 
their  religion,  a  worship  of  the  sun  and  fire,  was  very  cruel. 
Their  priests,  the  Druids,  frequently  sacrificed  human  beings. 

3.  About  four  hundred  years  before  Christ,  Brcnnus,  a  Celtic 
king,  led  a  large  army  of  Gauls  into  Italy;  they  attacked 
several  states  in  the  north,  took  Rome,  but  at  last  withdrew, 
and  after  overrunning  Macedonia  passed  into  Asia  Minor  and 
founded  the  Kingdom  of  Galatia,  which  subsisted  for  many  cen- 
turies. At  an  early  period  the  Greeks  founded  the  colony  of 
Massilia,  now  Marseilles,  on  the  Mediterranean,  which  did 
much  to  civilize  and  improve  the  country.    .:  -  « 

4.  In  the  century  before  the  Christian  era,  the  Romans 
began  to  extend  their  power  in  Gaul,  and  some  of  the  tribes 
sought  their  protection.  In  the  year  58  B.  C,  Julius  Crosar 
entered  Gaul  with  a  large  army,  and  drove  out  the  Swiss  and 
the  Germans,  who  separately  invaded  the  country.  He  next 
subdued  the  Belgians  and  completely  established  the  Roman 
power.  The  Gauls  took  the  alarm,  and  under  the  brave  Yer- 
cingetorix  attempted  to  drive  out  the  Romans,  but  after  a  gal- 
lant struggle  were  subdued,  50  B.  C. 

5.  As  a  Roman  province  Gaul  advanced  rapidly  in  civiliza- 
tion and  refinemetit,  the  cruel  Druidical  worship  declined. 
Christianity  was  introduced  in  the  times  of  the  Apostles,  and 
in  spite  of  great  and  bloody  persecutions  soon  extended  over 
the  whole  country. 


did  his  followers  flaally  settle  ?  What  civilized  nation  founded  a  colony 
in  Gaul?  4.  What  people  entered  it  just  before  the  Christian  era? 
What  tribes  were  driven  out  by  C.Tsar?  What  brave  prince  attempted 
to  expel  the  Romans?  5.  What  was  the  date  of  Gaul  under  the 
Iloinaus?    What  was  introduced  ?    6.  AVho  attacked  it  as  the  Koiuau 


THE  HISTORY   OF  EUROPE. 


131 


6.  As  the  Roman  Empire  declined,  Gaul  was  exposed  to  the 
attacks  of  the  barbarians,  and  in  the  latter  part  of  the  fourth 
century  w»3  desolated  by  the  Yandals  and  Goths,  the  latter  of 
whom  formed  a  kingdom  in  the  south.  The  Franks,  a  Ger- 
man tribe,  had  for  many  years  been  gradually  gaining  the 
ascendancy,  and  their  king,  Clovis,  defeated  the  Romans,  Ger- 
mans and  Visigoths,  and  founded  the  Kingdom  of  France 
in  496. 

*I.  The  Franks  had  been  idolaters,  but  Clovis  was  converted 
by  the  prayers  of  his  wife,  St.  Clotilda.  In  one  of  his  battles, 
being  in  great  danger,  he  promised  to  adore  tne  God  of  Clo- 
tilda if  victory  were  granted  to  him,  and  was  afterwards  bap- 
tized with  many  of  his  people.  His  successors,  who  are  called 
the  Merovingian  Kings,  were  a  weak  and  slothful  race,  and  the 
kingdom  was  maintained  only  by  the  talents  of  officers  called 
mayors  of  the  palace. 

8.  During  the  reign  of  Thierry  TV.,  the  last  king,  France 
was  governed  by  Charles  Martel,  a  brave  prince,  who  savpd 
Europe  by  defeating  the  Saracens  at  Tours.  After  this  victory, 
he  obtained  the  name  of  Martel,  or  hammer.  On  the  death  of 
Thierry,  he  ruled  as  duke,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 
Pepin  the  Short,  who  was  crowned  king  by  the  Pope,  in  751. 

9.  Pepin  was  succeeded  by  Charlemagne,  the  greatest  of  the 
French  kings.  He  was  a  great  warrior,  and  conquered  Ger- 
many, most  of  Italy,  and  part  of  Spain,  and  in  800  was 


power  declined?    Who  formed  a  kingdom  in  the  south?    Who  finally- 
gained  the  ascendancy  ?    What  prince  founded  the  French  monarchy  ? 

7.  How  were  the   Franks  converted?     What  are  the  success^ors  of 
Clovis  called?    What  was  their  character?    Who  possessed  the  power? 

8.  Wliat    brave  prince  governed  under  Thierry?     What  arc  his  cx- 

12* 


138 


FIRST    BOOK    OF    HISTORY. 


I    ' 

It  i 


crowned  by  the  Pope  emperor  of  the  west.  Besides  being  a 
warrior,  he  was  a  patron. of  religion  and  learning,  and  invited 
many  eminent  men  to  his  court.  His  successors,  called  the  Car- 
lovingian  Kings,  were  a  weak  race,  and  in  981  the  dynasty  was 
set  aside  by  a  powerful  nobleman,  named  Hugh  Capet. 

10.  The  history  of  France  now  presents  no  remarkable 
events  till  the  reign  of  Philip  I.,  when  William,  duke  of  Nor- 
mandy, a  province  in  the  north  of  France,  became  king  of  Eng- 
land, and  a  war  began  which  was  often  renewed  till  the  English 
finally  lost  all  their  possessions  in  France. 

11.  The  power  of  the  kings  was  very  limited,  and  many 
noblemen,  almost  independent  of  the  crown,  frequently  joined 
the  enemy.  Some  years  after,  the  Dutchess  of  Guienne,  a  pro- 
vince in  the  south  of  France,  married  a  king  of  England,  and 
thus  still  more  reduced  the  power  of  the  French  kings,  who, 
however,  as  sovereigns  claimed  a  certain  jurisdiction  over  the 
whole  country. 

12.  During  the  Crusades  the  French  took  a  most  active  part, 
and  several  of  their  kings  led  armies  in  person  to  the  east. 
Philip  Augustus,  whose  reign  began  in  1180,  was  one  of  the 
greatest  of  the  crusader  kings.  He  defeated  the  Germans,  and 
when  John,  king  of  England,  refused  to  appear  before  him  to 
answer  the  accusation  of  murdering  his  nephew  Arthur,  Philip, 
as  his  sovereign,  deprived  him  of  his  possessions  in  France, 
and  he  and  his  successors  at  last  drove  the  English  from  them. 

13.  St.  Louis  was  one  of  the  greatest  and  best  kings  who 


I 


ploits?  Who  succeeded  him  as  king?  9.  Who  succeeded  Pepin? 
*T  hat  was  his  character  ?  What  are  his  successors  called?  10.  Describe 
the  state  of  France  at  this  period?  11.  What  part  did  the  French 
kings  take  in  the  crusades?    12.  What  cau  you  tell  of  St.  Louis? 


l<  i 


TH3S   HISTORY   OP   EUROPE. 


139 


ever  lived.  He  was  a  pious  and  holy  man,  a  brave  and  intrepid 
general,  and  in  his  government  wise  and  benevolent.  He  died 
in  1210  in  Africa,  while  engaged  in  a  crusade.  In  the  reign 
of  Philip  IV.  (1328),  the  war  with  England  began  anew; 
Philip  was  defeated  at  Crecy,  and  his  successor,  John,  taken 
prisoner  at  Poitiers,  and  some  time  after  Charles  VI.,  defeated 
at  Agincourt.  France  was  now  reduced  to  great  misery: 
Henry  VI.  of  England  was  proclaimed  king,  on  his  father's 
death,  at  Paris,  and  a  French  prince,  Charles  VII,,  at  Poitiers. 

14.  The  war  now  broke  out  again,  and  the  French,  roused 
by  the  valor  and  enthusiasm  of  Joan  of  Arc,  a  poor  country 
girl,  at  last  drove  the  English  out,  although  she  was  taken  and 
burnt  by  the  enemy  as  a  witch.  By  1450,  the  English  had 
nothing  on  the  continent,  except  Calais. 

15.  In  1515,  Francis  I.  came  to  the  throne,  and  was  one  of 
the  greatest  kings  of  France.  He  encouraged  learning  and  the 
arts,  and  carried  on  a  long  war  with  Charles  V.,  emperor  of 
Germany,  but  was  defeated  and  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of 
Pavia.  In  his  reign,  the  reformation  spread  to  France,  and  the 
Calvinists  soon  became  formidable.  Their  conspiracy  to  assas- 
sinate Francis  II.,  in  1560,  led  to  a  long  and  bloody  war,  in 
which  the  utmost  cruelty  was  committed  by  bi  h  parties. 
Churches  and  convents  were  destroyed,  priests  and  monks 
butchered,  and  several  horrible  massacres,  among  the  rest  that 
of  St.  Bartholomew's,  took  place.  At  last,  Henry  IV.,  a  Pro- 
testant prince,  ended  the  war  by  the  battle  of  Coutras,  in  158t, 
and  becoming  a  Catholic,  restored  peace  to  France. 


13.  What  war  began  in  1328?  Describe  it.  14.  Who  finally  expelled 
the  English  ?  15.  Describe  the  reign  of  Francis  I.  What  was  the  re- 
sult of  the  Reformation  in  France?    Who    flnallj  restored   ptace? 


140 


FIRST    BOOK    OF    HISTORY. 


i'  ; 


;  i 


M  ^ 

T  ■     I 


16.  During  the  reign  of  Louis  XIII,  France,  guided  by  the 
great  Cardinal  Richelieu,  attained  great  power,  humbled  the 
strength  of  Germany,  colonized  Canada,  and  rivalled  England 
on  the  ocean.  The  Protestants,  though  favored  by  the  laws, 
revolted,  and  were  not  subdued  till  much  blood  had  been  shed ; 
and  then  were  so  much  feared  that  the  next  king  repealed  the 
edict,  passed  in  their  favor  by  Henry  IV.,  and  many  French 
Protestants  emigrated  to  England,  Germany  and  America. 

It.  Louis  XIV.  was  a  great  monarch,  who  reigned  from  1643 
to  1115,  a  period  in  which  the  French  attained  their  highest 
reputation  in  literature  and  war.  Though  attacked  by  England, 
Germany  and  Holland,  Louis  extended  the  kingdom,  and 
placed  his  grandson  Philip  on  the  throne  of  Spain.  The  public 
improvements  of  France  also  received  great  attention  during 
his  reign. 

18.  The  next  king,  Louis  XV.,  was  a  wicked  tyrant,  and 
died  detested,  after  having  allowed  religion  to  be  attacked  by 
the  pretended  philosophers,  and  suppressed  the  colleges  of  the 
Jesuits  to  facilitate  their  efforts.  His  successor,  Louis  XVI,, 
was  a  good  king,  and  aided  the  Americans  in  their  struggle  for 
independence ;  but  in  1789  a  revolution  began,  in  which  Louis, 
his  wife  and  sister,  were  put  to  death ;  his  only  son  died  of  ill- 
treatment  in  prison ;  the  Christian  religion  was  abolished;  the 
clergy  and  religious  banished  or  put  to  death. 

19.  France  now  became  a  distracted  republic,  and  one  set  of 
men  after  another  passed  from  power  to  the  scaffold;  but  the 
armies  of  the  republic  triumphed  over   all    opposition  from 


16.  Describe  the  reign  of  Louis  XIII.  17.  Describe  that  of  Louis  XIV. 
18.  What  happened  under  Louis  XV?  What  occurred  in  the  reign  of 
Louis  XVI  ?    19.  What  did  France  now  become?     What  occurred? 


\i  ' 


THE   HISTORY   OF   EUROPE. 


141 


abroad,  and  when  the  government  was  committed  to  a  Directory 
of  five  men  order  was  restored.  France  had  now  conquered  liie 
Netherlands,  Holland,  Switzerland,  part  of  Germany  and  Italy, 
and  carried  her  arms  to  Egypt  to  attack  England  in  the  east. 

20.  A  new  change  gave  the  government  to  three  consuls, 
the  first  of  whom,  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  after  restoring  the 
Catholic  religion,  and  forcing  the  allies  to  conclude  a  peace, 
was  crowned  emperor  by  the  Pope,  in  1804.  In  a  new  war  he 
humbled  Austria  and  Prussia,  abolished  the  German  Empire, 
erected  several  new  kingdoms,  gave  Naples,  Holland,  West- 
phalia and  Spain  to  his  brothers,  and  became  master  of  most 
of  Europe. 

21.  The  Spaniards  refused  the  new  king  and  the  English 
defeated  the  French  in  Spain;  but  Napoleon  did  not  fear  the 
future.  He  imprisoned  the  Pope,  ridiculed  his  excommunica- 
tion, and  marched  with  an  immense  array  against  Russia;  but 
heaven  declared  against  him;  his  army  entered  Russia,  was  vic- 
torious, but  winter  came  on,  and  with  no  place  to  rest  he  was 
forced  to  retreat,  and  over  300,000  men  perished,  and  his 
power  was  destroyed.  All  rose  against  him;  France  was  in- 
vaded, and  Napoleon  compelled  to  abdicate,  and  was  sent  to 
the  little  island  of  Elba. 

22.  On  the  abdication  of  Napoleon,  Louis  XYIII.,  brother 
of  Louis  XVI.,  was  made  king;  but  Napoleon  returned;  Louis 
fled  and  a  new  war  began.  At  the  terrible  bpUle  of  Waterloo, 
in  1815,  Napoleon  after  defeating  the  Frnssians,  was  again 
attacked  by  them,  while  engaged  with  the  English,  and  his 


20.  What  change  of  government  next  took  place?  What  were  the  chief 
acts  of  Bonaparte?  21.  Where  was  he  defeated?  Describe  the  Russian 
campaign.    22.  Who  then  became  king  ?    What  attempt  did  Napoleon 


142 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


u  < 


army  routed.  Attempting  to  escape  to  the  United  States  he 
was  taken  by  the  English  and  sent  to  St.  Helena,  where  he 
died  in  1821. 

23.  Louis  XVIII.  was  succeeded  by  his  brother  Charles  X. 
who  reigned  till  1830,  when  a  new  revolution  drove  him  from 
the  throne,  and  Louis  Philippe,  duke  of  Orleans,  was  made 
king  of  the  French,  and  a  constitution  adopted.  He  was  a 
wise  and  politic  prince,  and  in  his  reign  Algiers  was  subdued; 
but  he  at  last  became  unpopular,  and  in  1848  a  new  revolution 
expelled  him,  and  France  was  again  proclaimed  a  republic. 
Louis  Napoleon,  a  nephew  of  the  emperor,  and  a  descendant  of 
a  French  governor  of  Canada,  was  elected  President,  but  soon 
after  usurped  the  power  into  his  own  hands,  and  proclaimed 
himself  emperor  in  1852. 


CHRONOLOGY  OF  FRANCE. 

A.  C. 

Frank  monarchy  founded  by  Pharamond,  about  ....  480 

Clovis,  king  of  France, 681 

Charles  Martel  defeats  the  Saracens, 732 

Pepin  crowned  king, 751 

Charlemagne  begins  to  reign, 786 

Hugh  Capet  founds  a  new  dynasty, 987 

"War  with  England  begins, 1086 

St.  Louis,  king, 1226 

English  kings  attempt  to  seize  the  throne  of  France,    .        .       .  1328 

Joan  of  Arc  flourishes, 1422 

English  driven  out, 1450 


make?  23.  Who  succeeded  I  ouis  XVIII?  What  happened  in  1830? 
Describe  the  reign  of  Louis  Philippe.  What  took  place  in  1848  ?  Who 
was  made  emperor  in  1852  ? 


LI 


HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.  143 

Francis  I.  began  to  reign , 1516 

Calvinists  begin  civil  war, 1560 

Henry  IV.  triumphs, 1587 

Protestants  revolt, 1625 

Louis  XVI.  put  to  death, "    .        .  1793 

Napoleon  made  emperor, 1804 

Louis  XVIII.  raised  to  the  throne, 1814 

Battle  of  Waterloo, 1815 

Charles  X.  expelled, 1830 

Louis  Philippe  expelled, 1848 

Louis  Napoleon,  president, 1848 

Napoleon  III.,  emperor, 1852 


A.  c. 

480 

681 

732 

751 

786 

987 

1086 

1226 

1328 

1422 

1450 

1830? 
Who 


ENGLAND. 

1.  England,  with  Scotland  and  Wales,  occupies  an  island 
north-west  of  the  Continent  of  Europe,  separated  from  France 
by  the  British  Channel,  and  called  Great  Britain.  West  of  it 
lies  Ireland,  another  island.  These  four  divisions  constitute 
the  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  subject  to  the 
king  or  queen  of  England;  but  they  are  all  ot  different  origin, 
manners  and  language,  and  were  long  distinct  states. 

2.  England  was  inhabited  by  Celtic  and  Belgian  races, 
similar  to  those  of  Gaul,  and  had  the  same  religion  and  cus- 
toms, but  they  were  much  ruder  and  less  civilized.  Caesar,  the 
Roman  general,  invaded  it  55  B.  C,  and  some  time  after  the 
birth  of  Christ  it  was  reduced  by  other  generals  to  a  Roman 
province,  although  the  Bri^ons  under  Caractacus  and  Queen 

1.  Describe  England.   2.  By  whom  was  England  originally  inhabited? 


1; 
r 


1 


I 


i 


j'^ 


ii 


R 


»1 


t 


;    I 


i 
I 


i  r 


n 


!      J 


U4 


ruvxr  untiu  nii-  niHTtmv. 


U«»n\nn  t-oiuiuinnloiM.  tli<t  imitli  l.t  clt-Mili'  (lti<  |MMi|ilt«;  rivlli/.ii- 

Wow   «>\(i'Uilo.l  ;   tilt"    Dniiilinil  w Ml nIiIji  It'll  i    ( 'litlfilliiiilly    wiiH 

lulro.hn'Cil,  i«i\il  Hl'lrr  (ho  liiuo  ul   r.MiMiniiliiio  Mjirciid  ovri'  nil 
(ho  |Mo\lu«'(V 


Tlu>  WiWAM'  of  1<hkIiiii,  IVinii  llu>  Tluiint'i*, 

;^.  Tho  l\onu\ns  wowv  vo\\{\\\v\'kh\  llio  tiorliioni  purl  of  llio 
islan(i.  ami  Imilt  sovornl  walls  (o  prottTt  (licir  pnivinoc  nn^iiiiist 
tho  riots  niul  So\>ts,  As  (ho  oPipiro  «locUi»o«l  (lioso  biirharoiis 
(ril»os  orossod  tho  wall  smd  ravagi'tl  (ho  <'outilry.  Uiialih!  lo 
dofoml    (hoiusolvos.  or   proouro   l{oiuai\   ai«l,  (ho   Briloiis    piir- 

Wu>  fii^t  invrtttoit  U  ?    ITinv  wax  Uu>  Uoiusin  pmvor  rslaltlislictl  ?  X  WImt 
can  yon  s>y  ol'  tho  iiihahitunts  of  tho  ntu'diorn  purl.  V     Whom  did  tiio 


lilt'     MI-'.lMlo     ii)'-    I'irM'il'K. 


]it, 


oC   (ho 
•Ivlll/.ii- 

ivi<i'  III! 


rl,  of  tho 
louH    pur- 


?  :?.  WImt 
loin  <H<I  ili<) 


rliiiniMl    Ilii«  iilil  III'  >iMitii'  Mtit(MM   iiM'l  oIIm'I'  (J'Tfrtriri   \.n\n»,  lli'-ri 
cnil/liiK  III  ||ii<  Nnt'lli  U<i<n.  ni  |iiiiili'M 

i  'I'Im'  HitxiiiiM  MMKii  i'f'|»iilii»(|  ||ii<  I'lrh  mill  Hi'olfi,  rtiMJ  liiin 
iiifi;  on  llm  IIiIImiim  niMily  i|i  I'l'itlnl  IIhmi,  imil  will*  lli«!  Iii-I|>  '»f 
iriiil'orn*iMi<MlH  Mt<i'/,i*i|  llii'  riiiMilry,  itiiil  Im'Iiik  Miivii(r(i  )i|«>lut<(t« 
ili'Mlrnyiiil  llin  cliiii'i'lii'N  iidil  llliriii'lcti,  iiihI  iitmlo  IIm;  niiirtlry  iiti 
liiirliiH'iMii!  MM  t'vriv  'I'lin  ItillniiM  ||im|  Im  WhIi'M  iuiiI  ('oniwiill 
III  I'liit/liiinl,  iiimI  Id  jti'illiiiiy  ill  i<'riiiii'«<,  iiml  llnir  ili'f.«'<-ii'luiiM 
(ire  hi  III  lit  lio  IuiiikI  IIm'II',     'I'lKy,  inn,  hi  IImwi  wiini,  |i»«l,  mmli 

III'  llll'ir   i'lll'llirl'  ll'lltM'llll'lll,  Mini  rivili/.iiti'Mi 

ft,    'Till'  Mil  \IMIM  ri(l)ll(li»»lllM|   Mi'ViTllI    l(iM(ri|oiri:i,    ihU,    wlllrll    (tr«1 

nilli'ij  Iii^i'IIm'I'  IIh'  Hmxmii  ll)-|iliiri'liy  'I'lfy  MiilwiMlrij  r«)»iinili'ly 
till  HOO.  Diiriiip;;  llih  )ici'iiM|  llm  «'i»ijiifry  wux  «Kiiiii  «oiiv«Tt<'l 
III  CliriMlliiiiily  liy  Hi.,  /iiiKunliiH',  Hi.,  riiuliiiiiw,  iirid  oIImt 
iiiitiikH,  who  mImo  iljij  nnii'h  to  rivili/,*)  iJio  Huxoiin,  uikJ  noft,iii 
lilt  ir  nuld  liiilillM. 

Ii.  Ill  HOO,  K)ijl)ii't.,  khij,;  of  Iho  wi'hI,  Hiixoritt,  hy  tr';ul.y  or 
wiir,  iiiiilcd  iiiiijci'  llii  povvir  nil  I  In;  kiii^'iomf'.,  iiml  roiiinh'il  Ui« 
l'!ii|;;liNh  iiioiiiirrliy,  In  Min  lnt.l,  yi'iriH  ol'  liir<  Vf'ufu,  III';  roufil ry 
wiiM  iiiviulnl  hy  Ili(<  DiiiH'M,  who  inidif  Imh  HiinicMori*  ruvdj,'*;*! 
IIm^  coiiiitry,  liilli'il  two  HiiiTCKKJvi!  kiiijTM,  iukI  roiripiiliil  thu 
iirxl,  Allri'il,  lo  wiimlrr  iiliont  in  iliM^iiifc,  Al'lir  a  whih;  Al- 
IVi'ij  niJHi'il  nil  lU'iiiy,  ili'lciitnl  tin;  |)iitH'M,  iiinl  i;oni(>l«;t«'ly  lUn- 
troyi'd  tJM'ir  power.  III!  then  Ih'ciiiik!  a  very  win*;  »ri<i  jrof;*! 
kinf^;  hn  nniinlnined  a  powcrriil  unny  iituj  nuvy  to  proU^et  Ih') 
liingijoni,  rd'orniiMi  tin;  Iiiwk,  Itiiiit  chnnheM  find  utintiihU.r'ifM,  U) 


llriliiiiM  invili' ov'it'/  'I.  Wlial,  miii;c''«m  hiwl  tlii- Siixonv,?  Ui-^/.rWf^  ih-tn. 
Wliiil,  iliil  llii'y  il.i?  WhillKT  iliil  lliif  iJriloim  III"!?  r,.  What  «li'l  th's 
SuxKiiH  cHtiiMiHli '.'  Who  coiivirti'il  (.lii-in?  M.  Who  iiriiU-'l  th*'  vsiriouH 
kiiif^doitiH?     What  piiopli;  HODii  iiltiT  inviMjifi]  Krij/iafiU?     Who  il'Wv-r'.d 


i  !! 

I:     ,; 
J    '!    ■ 


146 


FIRST    BOOK    OP   HISTORY. 


Jli; 


1) 


!i 


M 


1 1\ 


■  I 


which  schools  were  annexed,    and  in  every  way  encouraged 
learninj?  and  piety,  especially  by  his  own  example. 

7.  Athol.stan,  who  came  to  the  throne  in  940,  was  a  preat 
monarch,  and  first  as.sumed  the  title  of  king  of  Enj^land.  lie  was 
a  great  patron  of  literature  and  commerce,  and  liis  friendship 
was  courted  by  the  other  kings  of  Euroi)e.  Edwin  the  Fair, 
was  a  profligate  prince,  and  persecuted  the  great  St.  Dunstan 
who  reproved  him  for  his  sinful  life.  The  next  king,  Edgar, 
was  noted  for  his  splendor  and  magnificence,  and  was  once 
rowed  in  a  barge  by  dependant  kings. 

8.  Ethelred  II.  came  to  the  throne  by  the  crime  of  his 
mother,  who  killed  her  step-son,  Edward,  the  Martyr,  when  he 
came  to  visit  her.  Ethelred  was  a  weak  and  dissolute  king. 
In  his  reign  the  Danes  became  troublesome  again,  and  Ethel- 
red, after  trying  to  buy  a  peace,  ordered  all  the  Danes  in  Eng- 
land to  be  massacred.  On  this,  Sweyn,  king  of  Denmark,  came 
over,  and  drove  Ethelred  into  France,  but  as  both  soon  died,  a 
war  ensued  between  Edmund,  son  of  Ethelred,  and  Canute,  son 
of  Sweyn.  Both  were  very  brave,  and  they  at  last  divided  the 
country,  but  Edmund  was  assassinated,  and  Canute  became 
king  of  all  England. 

9.  Canute  was  one  of  the  greatest  kings  of  his  day;  he  ruled 
over  England,  Denmark  and  Norway.  After  his  accession  in 
England,  he  became  a  good  and  pious  man,  and  treated  all  his 
people  with  great  justice,  showing  no  distinction  between  Dane 
and  Saxon,  and  doing  all  to  soften  the  ferocity  of  his  warriors, 


!  I 


■' 

>  i '. 

t 

■\ ' 

I 

i  '. 

1 

t.  1 

i 
i 

i; 

the  country?  What  can  you  toll  of  King  Alfred?  7.  What  was  the 
character  of  Atliel.staii?  Whom  did  Edwin  persecute  ?  What  was  the 
character  of  Edgar?  8.  How  did  Ethelred  II.  ascend  the  throne  ?  What 
happened  in  his  reign?  Who  linuUy  divided  the  kingdom?  Which  sur- 
vived?   9.  What  can  you  tell  of  Canute.    10.  What  was  the  character  of 


)nragcd 

a  f^reat 
lie  was 
iemlshlp 
lie  Fair, 
Dunstan 
,  Edp;ar, 
ras  once 

le  of  his 
when  he 
ute  kuig. 
id  Ethel- 
8  in  Eng- 
irk,  came 
)n  died,  a 
mute,  son 
vided  the 
e  became 

he  ruled 
cession  in 
3d  all  his 
een  Dane 

warriors, 

at  was  the 
lat  was  the 
me?  'What 
"Which  sur- 
laractcr  of 


THE   HISTORY   or   EUROPE. 


Ul 


\ 


by  the  example  of  his  own  pioty.  His  flatterers  called  him 
kiiif^  of  kings,  and  to  rebuke  them,  he  had  a  seat  placed  on  the 
sea  shore,  and  ordered  the  waves  not  to  approach;  but  when 
they  came  up  around  him,  he  rose,  and  taking  his  crown  off  his 
head,  placed  it  on  a  crncilix  in  the  cathedral  of  Winchester, 
and  never  wore  it  again.  He  died  in  1035,  soon  after  return- 
ing from  a  pilgrinmge  which  he  made  to  Home. 

10.  After  the  short  reigns  of  his  two  sons,  Edward,  a  son  of 
Ethelrcd,  was  made  king.  He  was  so  holy  a  man,  and  so  good 
a  king  that,  after  his  death,  ho  was  canonized  as  a  saint. 
During  his  reign,  the  people  enjoyed  great  |)eaee,  and  the  laws 
which  he  compiled  were  so  just,  that  the  English  in  after 
years,  never  asked  anything  better  than  the  customs  and  laws 
of  Edward,  the  Confessor.  At  the  Reformation,  however,  they 
forgot  him,  and  insulted  his  remains  <o  please  a  tyrant. 

11.  As  Edward  left  no  children,  Harold,  a  powerful  noble- 
man, was  made  king,  but  William,  duke  of  Normandy,  claimed 
the  throne,  and  having  gained  Hardrada,  king  of  Norway,  pre- 
pared to  attack  him.  Hardrada  invaded  England  in  the  north, 
but  was  defeuK'd  and  killed  by  Harold  in  a  bloody  battle. 
William  himself  landed  in  the  south.  Harold  marched  against 
him;  but  in  tht«  battle  of  Hastings,  A.  D.  106»),  lost  his  throne 
and  his  life.     He  was  the  last  of  the  Saxon  kings. 

12.  William  the  Conqueror,  was  the  first  of  the  Norman 
line,  and  besides  being  king  of  England,  was  duke  of  Normandy 
in  France.  While  he  was  there  on  a  visit,  the  English,  who 
were  oppressed  by  the  Normans,  rebel! >d,  but  were   at  last 


Edward  the  Confessor?  11.  Who  was  raised  to  the  throne  on  his  death  ? 
Whom  did  Harold  defeat?  By  whom  was  he  defeated  ?  12.  What  can 
you  tell  us  of  William  ?    Why  did  these  Norraun  tyrants  persecute  the 


i      : 


I 


148 


FIRST   BOOK    OF   HISTORY. 


m 


I  .; 


Ic  •     '  '\ 


IM 


i    M 


defeated,  and  William  ever  after  treated  them  very  cruelly,  and 
the  people  would  have  been  deprived  of  every  right,  had  not  the 
clergy  constantly  contended  for  their  liberties.  For  this  reason 
William  Rufus  and  his  successors  persecuted  St.  Anselm,  St. 
Edmund,  and  other  holy  bishops. 

13.  Henry  II.,  who  came  to  the  throne  in  1154,  was  the 
greatest  prince  of  his  time,  from  his  mother  he  inherited  Eng- 
land and  Normandy,  from  his  father  Anjou  and  other  provinces 
in  France,  and  by  his  marriage  he  acquired  Guienne  also. 
Besides  this,  he  invaded  Ireland,  and  was  the  first  English  king 
who  acquired  any  power  there.  He,  like  his  predecessors,  per- 
secuted the  Church,  and  caused  the  death  of  the  holy  arch- 
bishop St.  Thomas  a  Becket,  but  Heaven  punished  him  by  rais- 
ing up  his  own  sons  against  him  in  his  last  days. 

14.  Richard  the  Lion-hearted,  the  next  king,  was  a  chivalrous 
prince,  and  distinguished  himself  greatly  in  the  crusades,  but 
England  suffered  in  his  absence.  While  returning  from  Pales- 
tine he  was  arrested  and  imprisoned  in  Austria  by  the  duke, 
but  at  last  liberated  through  the  influence  of  the  Pope.  His 
brother  John  killed  his  nephew  Arthur,  and  was  deprived  of 
all  his  possessions  in  France.  He  was  a  tyrant,  oppressed  the 
Church  and  the  people,  so  that  at  last  the  barons,  led  by 
Stephen  Langton,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  forced  him,  in 
1215,  to  sign  the  Magna  Charta,  or  Great  Charter,  from  which 
all  our  liberties  are  derived. 

15.  Henry  III.  was  a  weak  prince,  and  his  reign  was  a 


!fi 


li 


Church  ?  13.  Describe  the  rciga  of  Henry  II.  What  were  his  posses- 
sions? What  country  did  he  conquer  ?  Wlnxt  holy  bishop  was  killed  at 
his  instigation  ?  14.  What  was  the  character  of  Richard?  Describe  his 
adventures?    15.  What  can  you  tell  of  John?    What  was  forced  from 


illy,  and 
not  the 
3  reason 
elm,  St. 

was  the 
ed  Eng- 
irovinces 
ne  also. 
[ish  king 
ors,  per- 
)ly  arch- 
i  by  rais- 

fnvalrous 
lUes,  but 
m  Pales- 
he  duke, 
pe.  His 
jrived  of 
!ssed  the 
led  by 
him,  in 
)m  which 

n  was  a 


THE   HISTORY   OF   EUROPE. 


149 


scene  of  civil  war;  but  his  son  Edward  I.  was  a  warlike  prince. 
Finding  Scotland  divided  by  factions  he  conquered  the  country, 
and  though  opposed  by  Wallace,  maintained  possession  of  it. 
He  also  reduced  the  Welsh,  and  made  his  eldest  son  Prince  of 
Wales,  and  the  title  still  continues.  In  1306  the  Scots  revolted 
under  Rcbert  Bruce,  and  Edward  died  while  marching  against 
them  in  the  following  year. 

16.  His  son  Edward  II.  continued  the  war,  but  was  totally 
defeated  by  Bruce,  at  Bannockburn,  and  lost  Scotland.  He 
was  a  weak  prince,  and  was  put  to  death  at  the  instigation  of 
his  own  wife  in  1321.  Edward  III.  was  an  able  monarch,  but 
very  ambitious ;  he  claimed  the  throne  of  France,  and  with  his 
brave  son  Edward  the  Black  Prince,  invaded  that  country,  and 
defeated  the  French  in  two  great  battles  at  Crecy  and  Poi- 
tiers, but  in  spite  of  all  his  victories  could  not  conquer  any 
part  of  the  country. 

n.  He  was  succeeded  by  his  grandson  Richard  II.,  who  was 
deposed  and  put  to  death  by  his  cousin  Henry  IV.,  a  very 
cunning  prince.  His  son,  Henry  V.,  invaded  France,  defeated 
the  French  at  Agincourt,  married  the  king's  daughter,  and  was 
acknowledged  heir  to  the  French  crown  when  he  died  in  1422, 
leaving  England  and  France  to  his  son  Henry,  only  a  few 
months  old. 

18.  The  reign  of  Henry  VI.  was  one  of  great  trouble;  while 
he  was  a  child  the  English  were  driven  out  of  France;  when  he 
grew  up,  the  duke  of  York,  as  the  king  was  weak  in  mind, 


lis  posses- 
s  killed  at 
escribe  his 
reed  from 


him?  16.  What  can  you  tell  of  the  roign  of  Edward  I?  What  was  the 
character  of  Edward  II?  What  can  you  toll  of  F]dwar(l  III?  17.  Who 
succeeded  him?  Who  deposed  Richard  11?  Dei<cril)e  tlie  reign  of 
Henry  V.     18.  What  took  place  during    the  reign  of   Henry  VI? 

13* 


fl 


hi: 


!<  :^ 


P  ?■  ?   ■ 


1 1! 


150 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


claimed  the  regency.  A  war  ensued,  the  duke  was  killed,  but 
his  son  was  proclaimed  King  Edward  IV.  Many  battles  were 
fought,  but  at  last  Henry  and  his  son  were  put  to  death,  and 
Edward  remained  sole  king. 

19.  Edward  left  two  sons,  both  very  young;  so  that  his 
brother  Richard  usurped  the  throne  and  put  them  to  death ;  but 
the  duke  of  Richmond,  a  distant  descendant  of  Edward  III., 
attacked  him,  and  having  defeated  him  at  Bosworth,  in  1485, 
took  the  title  of  Henry  VII.  This  battle  ended  the  long  civil 
war  which  had  deluged  England  in  blood,  and  destroyed  most  of 
her  ancient  nobility.     It  is  called  the  war  of  the  Roses. 

20.  Henry  VII.  married  a  daughter  of  Edward  IV.  and 
thus  united  both  parties.  His  reign  was  peaceful,  but  he  was 
very  avaricious,  and  used  every  means  to  accumulate  money. 
His  son  Henry  VIII.  was  as  lavish  as  his  father  had  been 
miserly.  He  was  a  dissolute  prince,  and  growing  tired  of  his 
queen,  wished  the  Pope  to  grant  him  a  divorce,  and  when  it 
was  refused,  declared  hims/'f  head  of  the  Church,  married 
Anne  Boleyn,  and  then  divorced  his  first  wife.  Having  spent 
all  the  money  left  by  his  father,  he  next  suppressed  all  the 
monasteries  and  squandered  the  money  in  his  pleasures,  and  put 
many  excellent  men  to  death.  Though  so  wicked,  he  was  a 
learned  man,  and  did  not  change  the  religion  of  the  people,  but 
died  a  Catholic  in  1547. 

21.  On  his  death  the  crown  descended  to  his  son  Edward, 
whose  uncle,  the  duke  of  Somerset,  made  himself  regent,  and 
reigned  in  the  name  of  Edward.     He  put  his  brother  to  death, 


:i: 


19.  Who  usurped  the  throne  on  Edward's  death?  By  whom  was 
Richard  defeated  and  killed  ?  20.  Whom  did  Henry  VII  marry  ?  What 
was  the  character  of  his  reign  ?  What  was  the  character  of  Henry 
VIII  ?    What  are  the  events  of  his  reign?    21.  Who  usurped  the  power 


(     '■ 


THE   HISTORY   OF   EUROPE. 


151 


sd,  but 
es  were 
th,  and 

hat  bis 
kth;  but 
:d  III., 
1  1485, 
ng  civil 
oaost  of 

[V.  and 

he  was 

money. 

id  been 

d  of  his 

when  it 

married 

ig  spent 

all  the 

and  put 

i  was  a 

iple,  but 

Edward, 
nt,  and 
)  death, 


and  with  Cranmer,  abolished  the  Catholic  religion,  compiled 
the  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  and  introducing  a  new  wor- 
ship, he  thus  founded  the  Church  of  England.  The  duke  of 
Northumberland,  whom  he  had  endeavored  to  assassinate, 
had  him  arrested,  condemned  and  executed,  and  then  suc- 
ceeded him  as  regent. 

22.  Edward  soon  after  began  to  decline,  and  as  Mary,  the 
next  heir,  was  known  to  be  a  Catholic,  those  who  had  intro- 
duced the  new  religion  began  to  tremble  and  resolved  to  ex- 
clude her.  Induced  by  Northumberland,  Edward,  still  a  boy, 
made  a  will,  leaving  the  crown  to  Lady  Jane  Grey,  daughter-iu- 
law  of  Northumberland.  On  Edward's  death  she  was  pro- 
claimed queen;  but  Mary  raised  her  standard  and  all  crowded 

.ound  her;  Northumberland  was  forsaken  by  his  army,  taken 
and  punished,  and  the  usurper  sent  to  the  Tower,  1553. 

23.  Mary  was  now  crowned ;  she  was  daughter  of  Henry 
VIII.  and  Catharine  his  first  and  injured  queen ;  she  had 
been  treated  with  great  indignity  in  the  reigns  of  her  father 
and  brother ;  an  attempt  had  just  been  made  to  deprive 
her  of  her  lawful  inheritance,  yet  she  gave  way  to  no  revenge 
and  washed  out  none  of  her  wrongs  in  blood.  Cranmer  and 
most  of  the  reformers  were  guilty  of  treason ;  this  she  forgave, 
but  their  infidelity  to  their  vows  she  believed  too  great  to  par- 
don; they  were  tried  and  condemned  under  former  laws,  for  she 
passed  none  against  the  reformers. 

24.  She  soon  after  restored  the  Catholic  religion,  and  mar- 


hom  was 
r?  What 
of  Henry 
he  power 


on  his  death?  What  did  thoy  abolish?  Who  displaced  Somerset? 
22.  What  was  Edward  induced  to  do  ?  What  became  of  Jane  ? 
2\i.  Who  was  now  crowned?  What  had  she  been?  How  did  she  punish 
the  rebels?    24.  Whom  did  she  marry?    Who  disturbed  her  reign? 


'  ■ 


1" 


U 


>i 


I ' 


'  I 


,  I 


\l 


•'S 


j 

r    t 
!   i 

r 
i     ■ 


I 


li* 


j 
i      I 


•I 

'f ; 

:  :ii 


I 


152 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


riecl  Philip,  son  of  the  Eraperor  Charles  V. ;  but  her  reign  was 
5  ',  tranquil;  the  Protestant  party  several  times  rebelled,  and 
at  last  Jane  Grey  was  executed,  as  the  only  means  of  destroying 
the  pretext  of  rebellion.  During  her  reign  the  En»5;lish  navy, 
by  its  connection  with  Spain,  first  rose  to  importance;  but 
Calais,  the  last  English  foothold  in  France,  was  lost  by 
treachery. 

25.  On  her  death,  her  sister  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Anne 
Boleyn,  came  to  the  throne  and  restored  the  Somerset  religion. 
She  was  a  great  queen,  but  a  bad  and  profligate  woman.  She 
aided  the  Netherlands  against  Spain;  supported  the  I'rotest- 
ants  in  France;  reduced  Ireland;  fomented  troubles  in  Scot- 
land, and  when  Mary  fled  to  her  for  protection,  kept  her  nine- 
teen years  in  prison  and  then  Trmrdefed  her  That  she  perse- 
cuted the  Catholics  in  her  own  dominions  is  generally  deemed 
so  slight  a  fault  that  it  is  often  forgotten. 

26.  On  her  death,  James  VI.,  king  of  Scotland,  was  the 
next  heir,  and  became  king  of  the  whole  island.  As  son  of 
Mary,  the  Catholics  welcomed  him;  but  when  they  found  him 
resolved  to  give  them  no  relief,  several  of  them  formed  a  plot 
to  destroy  him  and  his  parliament  by  gunpowder.  One  of 
their  number  betrayed  the  plot;  Guy  Fawkes  was  seized,  the 
rest  fled,  buL  were  nearly  all  taken,  tortured,  and  put  to  death. 
The  rest  of  James'  reign  was  tranquil ;  he  made  no  wars  except 
on  his  own  subjects. 

27.  His  son,  Charles  I.  became  involved  in  troubles  with  his 


What  made  the  death  of  Jane  necessary  ?  25.  "Who  succeeded  Mary  ? 
What  religion  did  she  restore?  Wliat  was  her  character?  Describe  her 
reign?  2G.  Who  succe.-ded  her?  Wiiat  did  the  Catholics  expect? 
What  did  some  do?     27.  Describe  the  reign  of   Charles  I?     What 


THE   HISTORY  OF   EUROPE. 


153 


jign  was 
lied,  and 
jstroying 
sh  navy, 
ace ;  but 
lost  by 

of  Anne 
,  religion, 
an.  She 
I  Trotest- 
in  Soot- 
her nine- 
she  perse- 
y  deemed 

was  the 
son  of 

bund  him 

ed  a  plot 
One  of 

eized,  the 
;o  death. 

LIS  except 

s  with  his 


[led  Mary? 

escribe  her 

38  expect? 

I?     What 


parliament;  Ireland  ar.a  Scotland  both  rose  to  obtain  civil  and 
religions  freedom,  and  in  England,  the  parliament  took  up  arms 
against  the  king.  In  this  civil  war  Charles  was  defeated,  fled 
to  the  Scots,  was  sold  to  the  parliament,  and  put  to  death. 
A  republic  was  then  formed,  but  Oliver  Cromwell  soon  made 
himself  protector  with  absolute  power.  He  put  down  all  oppo- 
sition in  England,  ravaged  Ireland  like  a  demon,  and  subdued 
Scotland  which  had  proclaimed  Charles  II.  Powerful  at  home, 
he  was  respected  abroad,  but  died  full  of  anxiety  and  suspicion. 

28.  After  Cromwell's  death  Charles  II.  was  recalled  and 
placed  on  the  throne,  in  1660.  He  was  an  easy,  voluptuous 
king,  and  his  reign  is  a  series  of  plots  and  intrigue^.  He  was 
succeeded  by  his  brother,  James  II.,  who  was  a  Catholic,  and 
as  such  disliked.  In  early  life  a  brave  and  prudent  man,  as  a 
king  he  was  rash  and  obstinate.  A  plot  was  formed  to  de- 
throne him  and  place  his  nephew  and  son-in-law,  William  of 
Orange,  on  the  throne.  William  landed  with  an  army,  in  1688, 
seized  James,  and  then  sent  him  to  France. 

29,  William  and  his  wife  Mary  were  now  proclaimed;  Ireland 
and  Scotland  refused  to  submit,  but  were  finally  reduced.  Wil- 
liam was  one  of  the  best  generals  of  his  day,  and  very  fond  of 
war.  His  wife  died  before  him,  and  on  his  death,  Aiine,  another 
daughter  of  James  II.,  came  to  the  throne.  Sue  is  generally- 
called  the  good  Queen  Anne,  aiiC  except  in  her  conduct  to  her 
father,  deserves  respect.  In  her  reign  many  great  authors 
as  Pope,  Swift  and  others  flourished,  and  the  duke  of  Marl- 
borough raised  the  glory  of  England  by  his  victories  over  the 
French. 


became  of  him?    Who  then  seized  the  power?    28.    Who  was  restored 
on  Cromwell's  death?     What  was  his  character?     29.  What  was  the 


154 


FIRST  BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


t  .il  I 


»  ; 


30.  As  Anne  had  no  children,  and  Catholics  were  excluded 
frojn  the  throne,  the  crown  passed  to  the  most  remote  heir, 
Gs  'e,  elector  of  Hanover.  Prince  James,  the  brother  of 
All  CI,  attempted  to  recover  his  father's  throne,  but  was  de- 
feated in  Scotland,  and  George  reigned  undisturbed.  His  suc- 
cessor, George  II.,  was  engaged  in  several  wars,  and  also 
defeated  another  attempt  of  the  grandson  of  James  II.  In  a 
war  with  France,  his  English  and  New  England  troops  con- 
quered Canada,  which  has  ever  since  belonged  to  England. 

31.  George  III.,  who  came  to  the  throne  in  1160,  had  a 
long  an  .  eventful  reign  of  sixty  years.  England  soon  after  his 
accession  possessed  all  North  America  north  of  Mexico  and 
west  of  the  Mississippi ;  but  in  11*15  part  of  these  revolted,  a 
general  war  ensued,  and  England,  attacked  by  France,  Spain, 
and  Holland,  lost  all  her  colonies,  except  Canada.  In  India, 
however,  she  greatly  extended  her  conquests,  and  raised  a 
formidable  empire.  When  the  French  revolution  broke  out, 
England  took  an  active  part,  and  from  lt89  to  1815  was 
almost  constantly  at  war,  and  at  last  humbled  the  power  of 
France. 

32.  George  IV.  succeeded  his  father,  but  except  the  passage 
of  an  act  granting  Catholics  some  rights  as  citizens,  his  reign 
was  not  remarkable.  He  was  succeeded  by  his  brother,  Wil- 
liam IV.,  and  on  his  death  England  fell  to  Victoria,  Hanover 


character  of  James  II  ?  30.  Who  conquered  England  ?  Describe  his 
character.  Who  succeeded  him?  Who  flourished  in  her  reign?  Who 
succeeded  Anne  ?  Who  attempted  to  obtain  the  throne  ?  Descril>e  the 
reigns  of  George  I  and  George  II.  31.  What  are  the  chief  events  of  the 
reign  of  George  III  ?  32.  What  took  place  under  George  IV  ?  Who  ia 
now  queen  ?  What  separation  took  place  at  her  accession  ?  What  ore 
the  chief  events  of  her  reign  ? 


m 


THE   HISTOUV    OF   EUROPE. 


155 


excluded 
lote  heir, 
rother  of 
b  was  de- 
His  SQC- 
and  also 
I.     In  a 
•oops  con- 
^land. 
60,  had  a 
a  after  his 
exico  and 
•evolted,  a 
ice,  Spain, 
In  India, 
raised  a 
)roke  out, 
1815  was 
power  of 

le  passage 
his  reign 

;lier,  Wil- 
Hanover 

)escribe  his 
igu  ?  Who 
(escribe  the 
ents  of  the 
J 1  "Who  is 
What  are 


to  Ernest  Augustus.  During  Victoria's  reign,  Canada  attempted 
to  become  free,  a  war  with  Ciiitia  led  to  the  opening  of  several 
ports,  tlie  British  power  in  India  was  extended,  and  she  is  now 
at  war  with  Russia. 


CHRONOLOGY  OF  ENGLAND. 

n.  c. 

Britain  iuvaded  by  Ciesar, 55 

A.  r. 

Boadicea  defeated, 01 

Romans  leave  England, 420 

Saxons  enter  England, 447 

England  converted  by  St.  AuTustine, 597 

Egbert  unites  the  Hepturc^ 827 

Alfred  reigns, 900 

Canute  reigns, 1017 

St.  Edward,  the  Confessor, 1041 

Normans  conquer  England, 1000 

St.  Thomas  ii  Becket  murdered, 1170 

Ireland  invaded, 1172 

Magna  Charta  granted, 1215 

Scotland  invaded, 1285 

Edward  III.  claims  the  French  throne, K>2S 

War  of  the  houses  of  York  and  Lancaster  begins,        .        .        .  1400 

End  of  the  war,  and  succession  of  Henry  VII.,         .        .        .  1485 

Henry  VIII.  makes  himself  head  of  the  Church,  ....  1534 

Somerset  founds  the  Church  of  England,          ....  1547 

Jane  Grey  usurps  the  throne, 1553 

Elizabeth  begins  to  reign, 1558 

James  I.  of  Scotland,  king  of  England, 1003 

Charles  I.  beheaded, 1019 

Cromwell  protector, 1(!54 

Monarchy  restored, 1000 

England  conquered  by  a  Dutch  army, 1088 


■M 


156  FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 

House  of  Brunswick  succeed? 1714 

England  lones  American  colonies, 1783 

England  opposes  French  Bepublic, 1793  to  1815 


1 1 


SCOTLAND. 

1.  Scotland  lies  north  of  England,  and  consists  of  two  parts, 
the  highlands  and  lowlands.  The  coast  is  much  indented  by 
bays,  and  several  ranges  of  mountains  traverse  the  country. 
Its  chief  mineral  resource  is  coal  which  abounds  in  the  south. 

2.  Tiie  original  inhabitants  of  Scotland  were  the  Picts,  who 
were,  however,  at  a  very  early  period,  subdued  by  the  Scots  or 
Irish  who  occupied  the  country,  and  gave  it  its  name.  Its 
early  history  is  obscure  till  the  time  of  Fergus,  who  founded 
the  monarchy  in  330  B.  C.  Of  his  successors  little  is  known 
for  some  centuries.  Eugene  I.  was  killed  in  battle  with  the 
Romans  in  376  A.  C,  and  the  monarchy  was  for  a  time  dis- 
solved. 

3.  Fergus  II.  restored  it,  and  made  war  on  Britain,  but  after 
many  victories?  was  defeated,  and  slain  by  Aetius.  His  succes- 
sor, Eugene  II.,  continued  the  war,  and  when  the  Romans  left 
Britain,  compelled  them  to  submit  to  most  humiliating  terms, 
but  was  at  last  driven  back  by  the  Saxons.  Of  the  subsequent 
kings  the  greatest  were  Aidan,  who  frequently  triumphed  over 
the  Picts  and  Saxons;  Salvathus,  the  best  of  the  Scottish  kings, 

1.  Describe  Scotland?  2.  Who  were  the  original  inhabitants?  Who 
is  the  founder  of  the  monarchy?  When  was  it  dissolved?  3.  Who  re- 
stored it?    Who  compelled  the  Britons  to  call  in  the  Saxons?   Who  was 


in 


1714 

.    1783 
)3  to  1815 


WO  parts, 
Jented  by 
1  country. 
;  south. 
i*icts,  who 
e  Scots  or 
lame.    Its 
)  founded 
is  known 
with  the 
time  dis- 

but  after 
[is  succes- 
)mans  left 
^ng  terms, 
ibsequent 
)hed  over 
^ish  kings, 

its?    Who 

|3.  Who  re- 

Whowas 


TUB  HISTORY   OF   EUROPE. 


157 


and  Kenneth  II.,  who  completely  overthrew  the  power  of  tlie 
Picts,  and  became  king  of  all  Scotland  in  842. 

4.  After  this,  many  of  the  Picts  retired  to  Denmark,  and  in- 
stigated the  Danes  to  invade  Scotland,  and  for  a  long  time 
Scottish  history  is  taken  up  with  Danish  wars.  Gregory  the 
Great,  a  valiant  and  good  king,  subdued  the  Danes  and  Bri- 
tons, and  invaded  Ireland.  Duncan,  who  ascended  the  throne 
in  1033,  defeated  the  Danes  in  several  battles,  and  did  much  to 
improve  the  character  of  his  people.  After  a  reign  of  seven 
years  he  was  murdered  by  Macbeth,  who  usurped  the  throne. 

5.  Macbeth  reigned  for  ten  years  in  peace,  when  his  tyranny 
Induced  Malcolm,  the  son  of  Duncan,  to  endeavor  to  recover  his 
crown.  Edward  the  Confessor,  aided  him  with  an  army,  and 
Macbeth  was  defeated  and  killed  after  several  years'  war,  1057. 
Malcolm  was  several  times  at  war  with  William  I.  and  Wil- 
liam II.  of  England. 

6.  David  I.  renewed  the  war  against  Stephen,  and  it  was  con- 
tinued from  time  to  time  by  his  successors,  and  proved  very 
injurious  to  Scotland.  In  1285  the  crown  fell  to  MK.7raret,  the 
Maid  of  Norway,  but  as  she  died  on  her  way  to  Scotland,  the 
direct  line  failed,  and  twelve  competitors  claimed  the  crown. 
In  1292,  John  Baliol  was  made  king  by  Edward  I.  of  England, 
who  deposed  him  again  in  1296,  and  governed  Scotland 
himself. 

7.  In  1306,  Robert  Bruce  was  acknowledged  king,  and 
maintained  a  vigorous  war  till  1314,  when  he  gained  the  glo- 

the  first  king  of  all  Scotland?  4.  What  can  you  tell  of  Gregory?  Of 
Diincau?  5.  What  was  the  fate  of  Macbeth?  Who  fir.st  began  a  war 
with  the  Normans?  6.  Who  continued  it?  Who  became  queen  in 
128'/?  What  happened  on  her  death?  Who  ai  last  seized  the  crown? 
7.  Who  restored  the  Scotch  line  ?    Describe  his  reign.    8.  Describe  the 

14 


I  "i 


'^mmammmemm 


■i  ■ 


!» 


•    ^ 


;:^' 


i-l^ 


•"   I 


168 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


rious  battle  of  Bannockburn,  and  freed  Scotland.  At  thia 
battle  he  drew  up  his  army  very  skillfully,  and  in  front  dug  pits, 
full  of  sharp  stakes  and  covered  over,  no  as  not  to  be  noticed ; 
the  English  knights  rushed  into  these,  were  thrown  into  con- 
fusion, and  easily  killed.  Robert  Bruce  was  an  excellent  king, 
and  restored  happiness  to  his  country. 

8.  His  son  David,  while  a  child,  was  driven  cot  by  the  Eng- 
lish, who  made  Edward  Baliol  king,  but  Robert  Stuart,  tho 
regent,  at  last  overthrew  the  English,  and  restored  David;  yet 
the  king  soon  after  invading  England,  was  defeated  by  Queen 
Philippa,  and  kept  a  prisoner  for  eleven  years.  The  rest  of  his 
reign  was  spent  in  peace. 

9.  On  the  death  of  David,  the  house  of  Stuart  began  in 
13*10.  They  were  a  most  unfortunate  family.  Robert  II. 
died  of  grief  for  the  loss  of  his  sou  killed  by  his  brother; 
James  I.  was  killed  by  another  of  his  uncles;  James  II.  died  in 
battle  in  England;  James  III.  a  tyrannical  prince,  in  a  battle 
with  his  own  people  who  had  revolted ;  James  IV.  was  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Flodden;  James  V.  died  of  grief  at  the  revolt  of 
his  nobles. 

10.  Mary,  who  succeeded  James  V.,  is  one  of  the  most  famous 
persons  in  history.  She  was  educated  in  France,  and  married 
Francis  II. ;  during  her  absence  great  troubles  arose  in  Scot- 
land. John  Knox  began  the  Reformation;  churches  and  mo- 
nasteries were  destroyed,  and  the  queen  insulted  on  her  return. 
Her  second  husband,  Darnley,  was  murdered,  and  herself  im- 
prisoned by  her  own  brother,  who  was  false  to  her  and  to  his 
religious  vows.     She  escaped,  raised  an  army,  but  was  defeated 


reign  of  David.     9.  What  house  succeeded  in  1370  ?    What  can  you  tell 
of  the  kings  of  this  family  ?    10.  Describe  the  reign  of  Mary.    11.  What 


THE   HISTORY   OF   EUROPE. 


159 


t 


f. 


and  fled  to  England.    There  she  was  imprisoned  by  Elizabeth 
for  nineteen  years,  and  at  last  put  to  death. 

11.  Her  son,  James  VI.,  was  brought  up  by  her  enemies  a 
Presbyterian,  and  during  his  reign  the  Protestant  religion  was 
completely  established.  In  1603  he  became,  by  the  death  of 
Elizabeth,  king  of  England  also,  and  proceeded  to  London. 
Since  that  time  the  two  kingdoms  have  been  united,  and  few 
events  peculiar  to  Scotland  occurred.  The  Scotch  revolted 
against  Charles  I.,  who  endeavored  to  introduce  the  Chunih  of 
England  into  Scotland,  and  finally  surrendered  him  to  his  Par- 
liament in  1646.  They  afterwards  proclaimed  Charles  II.  and 
renewed  the  war,  but  were  defeated  at  Worcester  in  1650. 
On  the  fall  of  James  II.,  the  Scotch  remained  faithful  to  him ; 
but  on  the  death  of  Dundee,  submitted.  They  were  afterwards 
very  cruelly  treated  by  William  III. 

12.  In  the  reign  of  Anne,  the  two  kingdoms  were  com- 
pletely united,  and  Scotland  lost  her  own  parliament.  In  1715 
a  rebellion  broke  out  intended  to  place  James,  the  son  of 
James  II.  on  the  throne,  but  it  was  defeated;  in  1745,  Charles 
Edward,  James'  son,  landed,  and  at  first  met  with  great  success. 
Defeating  an  English  army  he  advanced  into  England,  but 
finally  retreated,  and  was  totally  overthrown  at  Culloden  in 
1746. 

13.  The  S(!otch  showed  great  fidelity  to  the  Stuart  family; 
and  these  attempts  to  restore  them  lost  Scotland  the  blood  of 
her  bravest  sons  who  perished  on  the  scaffold,  or  the  field;  her 


happened  under  James  VI  ?  What  did  the  Scotch  do  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  I?  What  on  the  fall  of  James  II?  12.  What  was  done  in 
Anne's  reign?  When  did  rebellions  break  out  in  Scotland ?  13.  What 
was  the  effect  of  these?    What  events  have  since  occurred? 


160 


FIRST   BOOK    OF   HISTORY. 


I  1 


f  '.  ,1 


>■      ! 


noble  families  were  reduced  to  poverty;  the  highland  clans 
broken  up,  and  the  country  rendered  too  weak  to  resist.  Since 
then  no  event  of  importance  has  occurred,  except  the  secession 
of  u  large  body  of  the  people  from  the  Established  Church  and 
the  formation  of  a  Free  Kirk. 


CHRONOLOGY  OF   SCOTLAND- 

B.  C. 

Monarcby  founded, 330 

A.  c. 

Monarchy  overthrown  by  the  Romans, 376 

Kenneth  II.  king  of  all  Scotland, 842 

Duncan,  king  in 1033 

Margaret  dies,  and  civil  war  begins Ii285 

Robert  Bruce,  king  in 1306 

House  of  Stuart  begin, 1370 

Mary  dethroned, ISGS 

James  ascends  the  English  throne, 1603 

Scotch  rise  against  Charles  I, 1641 

Scotch  proclaim  Charles  II, 1650 

Revolt  in  favor  of  James  III, 1715  &  1746 


IRELAND. 

1.  Ireland  is  a  large  and  fertile  island,  lying  west  of  Great 
Britain.  It  is  divided  into  four  provinces,  formerly  kingdoms; 
these  are  Leinster,  Ulster,  Connaught  and  Muuster.  The 
chief  river  is  the  Shannon,  which  empties  into  the  Atlantic. 


1.  Describe  Ireland?    2.  Who  were  the  original  inhabitants?    "What 


!i     I 


bland  clans 
sist.  Since 
lie  secession 
Church  and 


THE   IIISTOnV   OF   EUROPE. 


161 


2.  The  early  iiiliabitants  were  a  Oltic  rncp,  more  civilized 
and  refined  than  the  Itritons;  by  intercourse  with  the  Pha'ui- 
cians  and  Carthaginians,  they  had  ndvanccd  jj^reatly,  and  m 
some  branches  of  mannfaetnro  attained  jrreat  cxcellencti. 
They  were  called  Scots,  and  after  extending  to  Great  Driiain, 
gave  their  name  to  the  northern  part. 


B.  c. 

330 
A.  c. 

376 

842 
1033 
1285 
1306 
1370 
1568 
1603 
.     1641 

1650 
1715  &  1746 


!st  of  Great 
f  kingdoms; 
uster.  The 
tlantic. 

Itants?    What 


Iri'lamt 


3.  Heber  and  Ileremon,  who  led  a  colony  from  Spain,  are 
said  to  have  founded  the  Irish  monnrehy  about  a  thousand 
years   before  the   Christian  era.     Ollave    Fodla,  who  rei<ined 

were  their  names?    3.  Who  founded  the  Irish  mouarcliy?    Who  freed 

14* 


k.': 


iv;i' 


(::!!» 


m 


162 


FIRST   BOOK   OF  HISTORY. 


680  B.  C.  established  the  seat  of  government  at  Tara,  and  com- 
piled a  body  of  laws,  and  settled  the  form  of  government, 
giving  the  chief  power  to  a  general  assembly  which  met  every 
three  years.  He  also  founded  a  school  for  the  education  of  his 
people. 

4.  Conare  the  Great,  who  reigned  at  the  same  time  as 
Augustus,  had  a  long  and  happy  reign,  during  which  the 
country  enjoyed  peace  and  plenty.  About  the  close  of  the 
first  century  the  common  people  rebelled,  cut  off  the  king  and 
most  of  the  nobility,  and  elected  Carbre  their  chief  to  fill  the 
throne;  a  civil  war  ensued  which  lasted  twenty-five  years,  when 
Tuathal,  a  prince  of  the  royal  family,  recovered  the  throne. 

6.  Oormac,  in  the  third  century,  was  a  great  and  magnifi- 
cent king,  an  able  soldier,  and  yet  a  great  patron  of  learning 
and  art.  Niall  the  Great,  who  was  crowned  in  379,  was  the 
next  great  monarch;  he  frequently  invaded  England  and  Brit- 
tany, and  was  at  last  killed  in  France.  His  nephew,  Dathy, 
followed  his  example,  and  with  his  countrymen  in  Scotland 
frequently  invaded  Britain ;  after  ravaging  much  of  France  he 
was  killed  by  lightning  in  the  Alps. 

6.  Daring  the  reign  of  his  successor,  Laogaire,  a  Briton 
named  Patrick,  who  had  been  a  slave  in  Ireland,  was  sent  by 
the  Pope  to  convert  the  country.  He  arrived  at  Tara  on  the 
night  before  a  great  Pagan  festival,  and  in  defiance  of  the  law 
lighted  a  fire.  On  being  brought  before  the  king  he  preached 
the  gospel,  converted  many,  and  obtained  the 
royal  protection.    In  a  few  years  the  whole  country 

the  seat  at  Tara*?  4.  Who  reigned  at  the  same  time  as  Augustus? 
What  happened  towards  the  close  of  the  first  century?  5.  What  can 
you  tell  of  Cormac?    Of  Niall  the  Great?    Of  Dathy?    (5.  What  hap- 


432  A.  C. 


and  com- 
eruraent, 
Qct  every 
ion  of  his 

time   as 
^hicli  the 
se  of  the 
king  and 
to  fill  the 
jars,  when 
irone. 
i  magnifi- 
f  learning 
),  was  the 
and  Brit- 
V,  Dathy, 

Scotland 
France  he 

a  Briton 
IS  sent  by 
ara  on  the 
of  the  law 

preached 

432  A.  C. 


Augustus  ? 

.  What  cau 

"What  hap- 


THE   HISTORY   OF   EUROPE. 


163 


i 


was  converted,  being  the  only  one  converted  without  mar- 
tyrdom. 

1.  Ireland  now  advanced  rapidly,  and  soon  became  the  seat 
of  learning  and  civilization  in  the  west.  Of  the  subsequent 
kings,  few  deserve  mention,  and  most  were  engaged  in  wars 
with  the  dependant  princes.  In  831  the  Danes  began  to  invade 
the  country,  and  committed  great  ravages.  At  last,  in  866, 
Turgesius  the  Dane  made  himself  king  of  Ireland,  but  at  a 
wedding  some  Irish  youth,  disguised  in  female  dresses,  suddenly 
killed  the  king  and  his  officers,  and  an  Irish  king  was  chosen. 
The  Danes  continued  then*  aggressions  till  the  reign  of  Brian 
Boru  the  Great.  That  excellent  prince  defeated  them  in  many 
battles,  and  established  the  greatest  peace  and  tranquillity  in 
his  kingdom,  but  in  1039,  the  Danes,  aided  by  some  Irish 
princes,  renewed  the  war,  and  Brian  died  on  the  field  of 
Clontarf,  where  he  entirely  defeated  them. 

8.  Ireland  now  enjoyed  peace  abroad,  but  was  frequently 
distracted  by  civil  wars.  In  1168,  while  Roderic  was  king, 
Dermot,  king  of  Leinster,  fled  to  England,  to  escape  from 
another  whom  he  had  wronged.  Henry  II.  took  his  side,  and 
sent  an  English  force  into  Ireland,  and  followed  himself  in 
1112,  when  Roderic  submitted  to  hira,  and  the  Irish  monarchy 
ended. 

9.  For  nearly  fifty  years  the  English,  by  war  and  oppression, 
sought  to  extend  the  pale  or  English  part  of  the  island,  but  in 

pcneil  in  the  reign  of  Laogaire?  7.  What  followed  its  conversion? 
What  happened  in  837?  Who  became  king  in  8G8?  Who  finally  de- 
feated the  Danes  entirely?  What  was  the  character  of  Brian?  8.  What 
was  the  state  of  Ireland  after  this?  What  happened  in  11G8?  Who 
then  conquered  Ireland?  i).  How  long  did  the  English  carry  on  the 
conquest?     Who  was  crowned  in  1315?    Describe  his  reign?     When 


164 


FIRST    BOOK    OF    HISTORY. 


s , 


1315  Edward  Bruce  landed  with  6000  Scotch  troops,  was  joined 
by  the  Irish,  crowned  king,  and  for  tiirec  years  carried  on  a 
vigorous  war,  but  was  defeated  and  killed  at  Dundalk  in  1318. 
The  war  between  the  two  races  continued,  however,  and  in 
1361  the  Parliament  passed  the  Statute  of  Kilkenny,  making 
it  high  treason  to  marry  among  the  Irish,  and  punishing  any 
of  p]nglish  origin  who  spoke  their  language,  or  even  allowed  an 
Irish  horse  to  graze  on  his  field. 

10.  The  good  government  of  Richard,  duke  of  York,  viceroy 
in  1449,  attached  the  people  to  that  family  in  the  civil  war  of 
the  Roses:  but  Ireland  was  still  divided  by  the  struggle  of  the 
two  races,  and  the  frequent  wars  of  the  chiefs  and  barons.  In 
1486,  during  the  reign  of  Henry  VII.,  Simnel,  an  imposter, 
claiming  to  be  grandson  of  Richard,  the  viceroy,  was  pro- 
claimed king,  and  crowned  at  Dublin,  but  soon  after  defeated 
in  England. 

11.  In  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  the  earl  of  Desmond 
endeavored  to  make  himself  king,  by  the  help  of  France,  and 
his  relative.  Lord  Thomas  Fitzgerald,  raised  a  formidable 
rebellion.  Soon  after  this  the  monasteries  were  suppressed, 
and  in  the  next  reign  Somerset  endeavored  to  introduce  his 
new  religion,  as  Elizabeth  also  did.  During  her  reign  John 
and  Hugh  O'Neil  endeavored  to  throw  off  the  English  yoke, 
but  failed,  and  the  English  now  resolved  to  colonize  Ireland 
with  English  settlers.  James  I.  confiscated  all  Ulster,  and 
settled  many  Scotch  families  there  for  this  purpose. 


was  the  Statute  of  Kilkenny  passed ?  10.  AVliat  good  viceroy  was  sent 
over  in  1449?  What  resulted  from  this?  11.  Who  aspired  to  the 
throne  in  Henry  VIIl's  reign?  Who  attempted  to  introduce  the  Refor- 
mation ?    Who  eudeavored  to  free  the  country  ?    What  did  James  do  ? 


THE   HISTORY   OF   EUROPE. 


165 


was  joined 
fried  on  a 
Ik  in  1318. 
er,  and  in 
ny,  making 
lishing  any 
allowed  an 

3rk,  viceroy 
jivil  war  of 
iggle  of  the 
jarons.  In 
n  impostor, 
Y,  was  pro- 
ter  defeated 

f  Desmond 

ranee,  and 

formidable 

suppressed, 

ntroduce  his 

reign  John 

nglish  yoke, 

iiizc  Ireland 

Ulster,  and 


proy  was  sent 
<pircd  to  the 
ICC  the  llefor- 
id  James  do? 


I 


12.  During  the  civil  war  in  the  time  of  Charles  I.,  the  Irish 
espoused  his  cause  and  formed  the  Confederation  of  Kilkenny; 
they  were  at  first  victorious,  but  in  1641)  Cromwell  took  the 
command  of  the  English  forces,  and  defeating  the  confederates, 
massacred  the  people  without  mercy,  completely  desolating 
many  counties.  Tiicse  he  colonized  with  his  followers,  and 
thus  strengthened  the  English  power  in  Ireland. 


Emigrants  departing  for  America. 

13.  When  James  II.  was  dethroned  in  1688,  he  fled  to 
France,  and  landing  in  Ireland,  called  a  parliament  and  took 
the  field,  but  was  finally  defeated  by  William  III.,  in  the  battle 
of  the  Boyne,  in  July,  1690.  The  Irish  still  held  out,  and  it 
was  only  in  the  following  year  that  Limerick,  after  repeated 
sieges,  surrendered  by  the  treaty  of  Limerick,  which  guaranteed 
to  Catholics  religious  freedom,  but  which  was  immediately 
violated. 

12.  What  happened  during  the  reign  of  Charles  I?    13.  What  happened 


i 


166 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


I  1 


14.  From  this  time  the  history  of  Ireland  is  one  long  lalo 
of  oppression,  lown  to  1778,  when,  alarmed  by  the  American 
privateers,  the  Irish  volunteers  were  formed  to  protect  the 
country,  which  t\e  English  government  could  not.  When  the 
danger  passed,  these  volunteers  would  not  lay  down  their  arms 
till  they  obtained  the  freedom  of  the  Irish  parliament,  but  the 
English  government  soon  plotted  its  overthrow.  Factions  dis- 
turbed the  country,  and  in  1798  the  Association  of  the  United 
Irishmen  formed  a  provisional  government,  and  attempted, 
with  French  aid,  to  make  Ireland  independent.  The  plan  was 
defeated,  the  leaders  were  arrested,  and  when  the  people  rose, 
they  were  destitute  of  leaders;  but  war  did  not  end  till  30,000 
British  troops,  and  at  leaat  50,000  of  the  Irish,  had  fallen. 
Soon  after  this  the  Irish  parliament  was  abolished  by  the  act 
of  Union  in  1800. 

15.  During  the  present  century  little  has  been  done  by  the 
government  for  Ireland.  O'Connell,  by  incessant  agitation, 
obtained,  in  1829,  the  elective  franchise  for  Catholics,  and 
devoted  the  rest  of  his  life  to  an  attempt  to  restore  the  Irish 
parliament.  His  eloquence  and  devotedness  made  him  dear  to 
his  countrymen,  and  a  terror  to  England,  but  he  failed  in  his 
great  object.  Since  his  death,  an  ineffectual  attempt  at  revo- 
lution, famine,  pestilence  and  proselytizing  committees,  have 
scourged  the  country. 


when  James  11.  was  dethroned?  14.  What  is  the  history  of  Ireland 
since?  What  happened  in  1778?  What  was  formed  in  1798?  What 
was  the  result  of  this  rebellion?  15.  What  has  government  done  for 
Ireland  this  centnry  ?  What  did  O'Connell  obtain  in  1829  ?  What  was 
bis  character? 


I  long  lalo 
American 
fotect  the 
When  the 
their  arms 
it,  but  the 
ictions  dis- 
,he  United 
attempted, 
e  plan  was 
leople  rose, 
till  30,000 
had  fallen, 
by  the  act 

lone  by  the 

agitation, 

lolics,  and 

re  the  Irish 

lim  dear  to 

ailed  in  his 

)t  at  revo- 

tees,  have 


of  Ireland 
798?  What 
ent  done  for 
What  was 


i 


THE   HISTORY   OF   EUROPE.  167 

CHRONOLOGY  OF  IRELAND. 

B.  C. 

It[onarchy  founded, 1012 

OUaveFodla  establishes  the  government, G80 

A.  C. 

Rebellion  of  the  commons, 90 

Niall  the  Great  reigns, 379 

St.  Patrick  converts  the  country, 432 

Danes  invade  the  country,             837 

]3riaa  Boru  finally  overcomes  the  Danes,           ,        .        .        .  1039 

Normans  invade  Ireland,               1172 

Edward  Bruce,            1315 

Statute  of  Kilkenny,              1367 

Confederation  of  Kilkenny, 1641 

Irish  waiT  against  the  Dutch  conqueror, 1689 

Attempted  Revolution, 1798 

O'Connell  flourished,    . 1829 


GERMANY. 


1.  Germany  is  properly  the  territory  in  which  the  German 
language  is  spoken.  Before  the  French  revolution  it  was  an 
empire  divided  into  circles.  It  now  contains  part  of  the  Empire 
of  Austria,  part  of  the  Kingdom  of  Prussia  and  Denmark,  the 
Kingdom  of  Bavaria,  Wiirtemberg,  Hanover  and  Saxony,  the 
Grand  Dutchies  of  Baden  and  Mecklenburg,  and  several  other 
smaller  states. 

1.  What  is  Germany?  How  was  it  divided  before  the  French  revolu- 
tion?   How  is  it  now  divided?    2.  What  were  the  Germans  originally? 


16B 


FTRST   BOOK   OP  HISTORY. 


'   ^-4 


>  'ij 


Archers  of  aucieut  times. 


1:    The  Germans  in  early  times  consisted  of  several  tribes, 
who  lived  in  a  barbarous  state.     One  of  these,  the  Teutons, 


|ral  tribes, 
Teutons, 


THE  HISTORY   OF   EUROPE. 


169 


with  the  Cimbri,  invaded  Gaul  and  Italy  in  113  B.  C,  and 
defeated  the  Romans  with  great  slaughter,  but  were  finally 
routed  by  Marius,  who  crushed  the  Teutons  in  Gaul,  and  the 
Cimbri  in  Italy,  101  B.  C.  At  a  later  date,  they  again  invaded 
Gaul,  under  a  kmg  called  Ariovistus,  but  were  totally  defeated 
by  Cffisar,  54  B.  C,  and  the  Romans  for  the  first  time  entered 
Germany. 

3.  Under  the  Roman  emperors  many  districts  of  Germany 
were  conquered  by  Drusus  and  Tiberius,  but  the  Germans, 
under  the  brave  Herman,  defeated  and  killed  the  Roman 
general  Yarns,  and  drove  the  Romans  beyond  the  Rhine. 
After  this  time  the  German  tribes  were  constantly  at  war  with 
each  other  or  with  the  Romans,  till  the  beginning  of  the  fifth 
century,  when  they  overran  the  Roman  Empire. 

4.  Early  in  the  eighth  century,  the  Gospel  was  preached  in 
Germany  by  St.  Boniface,  an  Englishman,  and  St.  Virgil,  an 
Irishman,  and  when  Charlemagne  conquered  the  country,  it 
soon  became  entirely  Catholic.  The  Empire  of  the  West  was 
restored  by  him  in  800,  and  on  the  division  of  his  dominions 
after  his  death,  Germany  retained  the  imperial  title.  It  was 
governed  by  the  family  of  Charlemagne  to  912,  when  it  became 
elective,  and  the  emperor  was  chosen  by  the  princes  of  the 
empire. 

5.  The  greatest  of  succeeding  emperors  was  Otho  I.,  elected 
in  936.    He  established  order  in  the  empire,  and  reduced  most 


What  country  did  they  invade  ?  Who  defeated  them  ?  Who  afterwards 
expelled  them  from  Gaul  ?  3.  "What  is  the  subsequent  history  of  Ger- 
many? 4.  By  whom  was  the  Gospel  preached  in  Germany?  What 
completed  its  conversion?  Who  established  the  empire?  What  hap- 
pened in  912  ?  5.  What  two  emperors  deserve  notice  ?    6.  What  can  you 

15 


3*1 


M^ 


1 


no 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


V  I 


•  \  I 


of  Italy.  St,  Henry,  one  of  his  successors,  was  eminent  for  his 
holiness,  but  so  good  a  sovereign,  that  when  he  sought  to 
renounce  the  world  and  enter  a  monastery,  the  abbot  after 
receiving  him,  ordered  him,  by  virtue  of  his  vow,  to  return, 

6.  Henry  IV.,  who  came  to  the  throne  iii  1056,  was  a  war- 
like prince,  and  during  his  long  reign  was  present  in  over  sixty 
battles.  The  chief  event  of  his  reign  was  however  the  dispute 
with  the  Popes  which  he  began,  but  which  lasted  for  many 
years  after.  His  exploits,  bravery,  and  talents  were  more  than 
outweighed  by  his  violence,  and  he  was  at  last  deposed,  and 
died  wretchedly.  Frederic  Barbarossa  was  distinguished  in  the 
crusades,  and  died  in  Asia. 

1.  On  the  death  of  Conrad  IV.,  the  country  fell  into  great 
confusion  which  continued  for  nearly  twenty  years,  and  is  called 
the  great  interregnum.  As  foreign  princes  were  elected,  who 
never  came  to  Germany,  anarchy  and  disorders  prevailed.  At 
last,  by  the  influence  of  one  of  the  electors,  Rudolph  of  Haps- 
burg,  a  Swiss  knight  was  raised  to  the  throne,  1273. 

8.  Of  the  election  of  Kudolph  a  pleasing  story  is  told. 
When  a  poor,  young  knight,  Rudolph  met  a  priest  about  to 
cross  a  swollen  torrent  in  order  to  carry  the  viaticum  to  a 
dying  peasant.  Rudolph  dismounted  immediaiaiy,  and  giving 
his  horse  to  the  priest,  returned  to  his  castle,  and  when  the 
priest  returned  it,  he  refused,  saying  that  he  could  never  ride  it 
to  battle,  but  gave  it  to  the  Church.  The  priest  became  a 
bishop  and  prince  elector,  and  never  forgot  the  respect  which 
Rudolph  had  shown  to  the  Blessed  Sacrament,  and  as  he  saw 
that  Rudolph  was  as  capable   as  he  was  pious,  he  had  him 


tell  of  Hcniy  IV  and  Fredei-ic  Barbarossa?    7.  WTiat  happened  on  the 
death  of  Conrad  IV  ?    Who  was  elected  emperor?    8.  What  story  is  told 


1  i  a 


THE   HISTORY   OF   EUROPE. 


Itl 


;nt  for  his 
ought  to 
)bot  after 
eturn, 
fas  a  war- 
3ver  sixty 
lie  dispute 
for  many 
more  than 
losed,  and 
hed  in  the 

into  great 
id  is  called 
icted,  who 
ailed.  At 
of  Haps- 

is  told. 

about  to 

ieum  to  a 

,nd  giving 

when  the 

rer  ride  it 

became  a 

ect  which 

as  he  saw 

had  him 

sned  on  the 
tory  is  told 


elected,  and  only  then  did  the  emperor  discover  to  what  he 
owed  his  success. 

9.  Under  Albert,  the  next  emperor,  the  Swiss  revolted,  and 
became  free.  After  this  few  events  occur  in  the  history  of  Ger- 
many, which  is  almost  entirely  taken  up  with  the  disputes 
between  the  emperors  and  Popes  about  the  investiture  of 
bishops,  from  which  great  troubles  arose.  In  the  reign  of 
Henry  VII.  Germany  suffered  by  pestilence,  famine  and  earth- 
quake, which  desolated  the  country. 

10.  On  the  death  of  Maximilian,  in  1510,  Charles  of  Spain 
and  Francis  I.  of  France  aspired  to  the  throne,  and  on  the 
election  of  Charles  Y.  a  war  ensued.  During  his  reign 
Luther,  a  Augustinian  friar,  began  to  preach  against  the 
CatL  ;lic  doctrine,  others  followed  his  example,  several  princes 
favored  the  new  doctrines,  and  seized  the  Church  property.  In 
the  Low  Countries  the  Anabaptists  rose  and  committed  great 
excesses.  Zwinglius  roused  a  civil  war  in  Switzerland.  Knox 
did  the  same  in  Scotland,  while  Cranmer  in  England,  ai^  I  Beza 
in  France  endeavored  to  alter  the  former  religion. 

11.  From  these  changes,  usually  called  Reformation,  pro- 
ceeded bloody  wars,  in  which  millions  of  lives  were  lost,  whole 
countries  demoralized,  the  finest  works  of  architecture,  painting 
and  sculpture  destroyed,  more  libraries  burnt  than  in  the  inva- 
sions of  the  barbarians,  and  science  and  art  checked  in  the  pro- 
gress which  they  were  making. 

12.  In  Germany  these  religious  dissensions  led  to  the  Thirty 


of  Rodolph's  election  ?  9.  Who  revolted  under  Albert's  reign  ?  Wliat 
are  the  chief  events  after  this?  What  happened  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
VIL?  10.  What  happened  in  1519  ?  Who  began  to  preach  ?  What  re- 
sulted in  other  countries?    11.  What  proceeded  from  the  Reformation  ? 


m 


S:: 


i 

i 


mi 


S'l'i 


•iff'. 


172 


FIRST   BOOK    OK   HISTORY. 


Years' war,  which  in  1048  ended  in  the  eptaldishment  of  tho 
equality  of  rij^hts  of  Catliolics  and  Protestants.  This  war  was 
chiefly  in  the  reign  of  Ferdinand  II.,  a  vigorous  prince,  who 
attaelvcd  by  Oustavus  Adolphus  of  Sweden,  by  the  king  of 
France,  and  by  his  own  Protestant  subjects,  niiuntained  liis 
power  undiminished  by  the  skill  of  iiis  generals  Tilly  and  "VVal- 
lenstein.  His  successor,  Ferdinand  III.,  signed  the  peace  of 
Westphalia,  in  1(548. 

13.  Leopold,  the  next  emperor,  was  attacked  by  the  Turks, 
and  saved  his  capital  only  by  the  aid  of  John  Sobieski,  king 
of  Poland.  In  1100  he  began  the  war  of  the  Spanish  succes- 
sion against  Franco,  which  lasted  thirteen  years,  and  involved 
nearly  all  Europe.  Charles  VI.,  his  successor,  died  in  1740 
without  male  issue,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  daughter  Maria 
Theresa.  The  duke  of  liavaria  supported  by  several  states 
attempted  to  seize  the  crown;  but  after  many  dangers  Maria 
finally  triumphed  in  1748,  when  her  husband  was  elected  under 
tho  name  of  Francis  I. 

14.  The  empire  was  soon  after  attacked  by  the  ambitious 
king  of  Prussia,  and  a  war  ensued  which  lasted  seven  years 
with  no  definite  result.  Joseph  II.  was  a  reformer,  and  made 
the  Church  in  his  dominions  a  mere  creature  of  the  state,  for 
which  he  was  much  praised  by  those  who  dislike  the  independ- 
ence of  the  Church.  In  the  wars  of  the  French  revolution, 
Germany  suffered  greatly.  In  three  successive  wars  tho 
Austriaus,   though  well  commanded,   were  defeated   by  the 


■a 


12.  To  what  did  the  Reformation  load  in  Germany?  What  is  the  cha- 
racter of  Ferdinand  II?  What  peace  closed  the  war?  13.  What  are  the 
chief  events  of  Leopold's  loign?  What  happened  on  the  death  of 
Charles  VI?       14.   What  war  followed  the  accession  of  Francis  I? 


;  I 


THE   HISTORY   OF   EL'KOl'E. 


173 


tit  of  tlio 
■?  war  was 
inco,  who 
kill};?  of 
allied  liis 
and  Wal- 
peacc  of 

he  Turks, 
cski,  king 
sh  succes- 
l  involved 
I  in  1740 
ter  Maria 
>ral  states 
ers  Maria 
ted  under 


French,  and  in  1806  the  empire  was  abolished,  and  a  new  union 
formed,  called  the  Confederacy  of  the  llhine,  of  which  Napoleon 
was  the  head. 

15.  Francis  II.  was  now  emperor  of  Austria  only;  Bavaria, 
Saxony,  Westphalia,  Hanover  and  AViirtemlxirg,  were  made 
kingdoms  and  the  electorates  abolished.  A  fourth  war  soon 
followed,  in  which  Austria  was  again  defeated;  but  with  the 
otiier  powers,  she  at  last  succtoded  in  overthrowing  Xapoleon 
in  1813.  On  the  restoration  of  peace,  in  18 lo,  the  Germanic 
Confederation  was  formed,  in  which  matters  of  general  concern 
are  transacted  by  a  Diet  which  meets  at  Frankfort,  and  over 
which  Austria  presides.  A  want  of  harmony,  however,  greatly 
retarded  the  progress  of  the  country;  and  in  1848  the  people 
rose  In  many  states  to  obtain  constitutions;  Hungary  revolted, 
and  a  general  movement  was  made  to  restore  the  German 
Empire;  but  the  whole  was  soon  crushed,  and  matters  remain 
in  the  same  state  as  before. 


k 

s"ii< 


ambitious 
veil  years 
md  made 
state,  for 
independ- 
cvolution, 
wars  the 
by  the 


is  the  cha- 

mt  are  the 

death  of 

Francis  I? 


SWITZERLAND. 


1.  Switzerland  is  a  small  mountainous  country,  lying  between 
France,  Germany  and  Italy,  and  composed  of  parts  formerly 
belonging  to  those  countries,  and  speaking  uh:;/*  languages. 
Notwithstanding  this  difference,  they  have  generally  lived  in 


"What  is  the  character  of  Joseph  II  ?     How  did  Germany  fare  durinp  the 
French  revolution?     15.   Wliat  changes  were  made  in  180(i?    AVhat 
was  tlie  result  of  the  next  two  wars  ?     What  confederation  was  formed  ? 
What  liappeucd  in  184S  ? 
1.  Desjcrilje  Switzerland.   2.  What  was  Switzerland  originally?    What 


i 


114 


FIIWT   HOOK    OF    HISTOUY. 


great  harmony,  and  have  been  (listinfi;uisli('d  for  the  republican 
form  of  govoriuncnt  which  they  iiave  long  maintained. 


,* '  i}^ 


Scenery  of  Switzorhiiid. 

2.  Switzerland  was  originally  a  part  of  the  Austrian  domi- 
nions, but  as  they  suffered  from  the  tyranny  of  their  governors, 
three  cantons,  Uri,  Schweitz  and  TJuterwalden,  revolted  in  the 
reign  of  the  Emperor  Albert,  and  formed  a  league  to  oppose 
the  Austrians.  Of  this  confederacy  William  Tell  was  the  soul ; 
he  had  himself  killed  an  Austrian  governor,  who  had  wantonly 
compelled  him  to  shoot  an  apple  from  off  the  head  of  his  only 
son.  Tell,  so  the  story  goes,  was  an  excellent  archer,  and  shot 
the  apple  without  hurting  his  child. 


three  cantons  revolted?    Tell  the  story  of  William  Tell.    3.  What 


:i--' 


TIIK   niSToRY   OF   KIROPK. 


175 


8.  Albert,  the  ciniuTor  of  (lormany,  ninrche«l  ugainst  tbera, 
but  was  nnirdered  on  tlio  way.  His  son  Leopold,  however, 
entered  the  country  with  a  formidable  army.  The  canton  of 
Schweitz  alone  was  ready  to  meet  him.  Thirteen  hundred  men 
posted  themselves  on  the  heights,  around  the  narrow  pass  of 
Morparten.  As  the  Austrians  entered,  they  rolled  down  roeks 
upon  them,  which  crushed  many  foot  and  horse  before  them, 
and  threw  the  whole  army  into  confusion.  Then  the  men  of 
ISchvveitz  rushed  down  and  soon  cut  the  whole  army  to  pieces. 
This  battle  of  Morp^arten  was  foug^ht  in  the  year  1315:  it 
secured  the  inde|)ondence  of  the  country  which  took  its  name 
from  the  brave  canton  of  Schweitz. 

4.  Tiio  war  was  not  ended,  however.  The  Austrians  did  not 
give  up  all  hope  till  they  hail  been  defeated  in  sixty  battles,  but 
as  the  three  cantons  had  now  been  joined  by  others,  and  the 
republic  of  Switzerland  formed,  the  Austrians  at  length  ceased 
their  efforts.  Each  canton  preserved  its  independence,  but  the 
affairs  of  the  whole  country  were  transacted  in  a  diet  consisting 
of  members  from  all  the  cantons.  Under  this  government  they 
enjoyed,  for  many  years,  great  peace  and  hapj)iness. 

5.  At  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century,  Zuinglius,  a 
Swiss  priest,  adopted  the  ideas  of  Luther,  and  added  others  of 
his  own.  His  preaching  caused  great  trouble  in  the  quiet 
republic:  a  civil  war  ensued,  and  Zuinglius  died,  sword  in  hand, 
on  the  field  of  battle.  Soon  after,  Calvin,  a  French  reformer, 
settled  at  Geneva',  and  obtaining  despotic  power,  made  that 
city  the  centre  of  Protestant  Switzerland. 


i. 

i 


it' 


m] 


attempts  tVul  Austria  mfiko  to  suImIuo  thorn?  Describe  the  battle  of 
Morgarten.  4.  How  many  more  battles  were  fought?  T).  What 
occurred  at  the  time  of  the  lleformatiou  ?    What  was  the  result  of  Zuiu- 


"••Ti 

i 

L" '  '•1. 

i' 


I'M*  J 


116 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   DISTORV. 


6.  When  peace  was  restored,  the  cantons  were  about  equally 
divided,  and  it  was  agreed  that  each  should  determine  all  ques- 
tions of  religion  for  itself.  This  state  of  things  continued  till 
1846,  when  the  Protestant  cantons  took  up  arms,  and  though 
at  first  defeated,  at  last,  by  the  secret  aid  of  England,  com- 
pelled the  Catholic  cantons  to  close  the  monasteries,  convents, 
and  other  religious  houses.  Since  then  the  Catholic  cantons 
iiave  been  deprived  of  freedom  in  religious  matters. 


i 


a 


PRUSSIA. 

1.  Prussia  is  now  a  curious  kingdom,  consisting  of  two  dis- 
tinct parts,  coaipletely  separated  from  each  other,  one  bordering 
on  France  and  the  Rhine,  the  other  on  Russia.  Both  are 
advantageously  situated,  and  are  in  ?,  prosperous  state.  The 
people  are  all  Germans,  except  in  Posen,  which  is  a  part  on 
Poland.  Prussia  is  noted  for  i: :  compulsory  system  of  comraof 
schools,  and  the  attempts  of  recent  kings  to  make  a  uniform 
religion  for  the  people. 

2.  The  original  inhabitants  of  Brandenburg,  the  basis  of  the 
kingdom,  were  a  rude  and  barbarous  race  called  Borussi.  The 
country  was  finally  subdued  and  converted  by  the  Teutonic 
knights,  about  the  time  of  the  crusades.  At  the  Reformation 
the  last  grand  master  made  himself  duke,  and  as  his  family 


glius'  preaching  ?    6.  What  was  the  result  of  these  wars  ?    What  has 
recently  occurred  in  Switzerland  ? 
1.  Doscribe  Trussia  ?    For  what  is  it  noted  ?    2.  Who  trt ere  the  ori- 


;  equally 
all  ques- 
nued  till 

though 
nd,  com- 
lonvents, 

cantons 


two  dis- 

)ordering 

3oth  are 

te.    The 

part  on 

comraof 

uniform 


SI. 


is  of  the 
The 
Teutonic 
)rmation 
family 

iVhat  has 
".  the  ori- 


THE    HISTORY    OF    KUKOPE. 


nt 


soon  after  intermarried  with  that  of  Brandenburg,  the  founda- 
tion of  its  fortunes  was  laid. 

3.  As  an  electorate,  its  history  is  not  striking  till  tlie  time 
of  Frederic  William,  the  great  elector,  who,  at  his  accession 
m  1640,  found  the  electorate  desolate,  the  villages  burnt,  the 
cities  in  ruins,  but  who,  by  1ms  valor  and  prudence,  freed  the 
state  from  all  its  enemies,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  happiness 
of  his  people.  His  successor,  Frederic  I.,  first  assumed  the 
royal  title,  which  Austria,  who  needed  his  aid,  tolerated.  Ills 
successor,  Frederic  William,  though  rude  in  private  life,  estab- 
lished order  and  economy  in  his  government,  and  raised  a  well 
drilled  and  effective  army. 

4.  Frederic  II.,  the  Great,  who  came  to  the  throne  in  1140, 
was  one  of  the  greatest  warriors  of  modern  times.  Immediately 
after  his  succession  he  invaded  Austria,  and  wrested  from  it  the 
province  of  Silesia:  he  next  attacked  Saxony,  and  though  Eng- 
land, France  and  Austria  united  against  him,  he  withstood 
them  all  during  a  war,  which  is  called  the  "  Seven  years'  war," 
and  at  last  obtained  an  advantageous  peace.  After  this  he 
devoted  himself  to  repair  the  losses  which  his  kingdom  had 
sustained,  and  did  much  to  encourage  agriculture,  manufactures 
and  commerce. 

5.  When  the  French  revolutioa  began,  Prussia  was  one  of 
the  first  to  take  up  arms  in  the  royal  cause,  but  was  defeated 
by  the  Republican  generals.  When  Napoleon  became  emperor, 
war  was  again  declared  by  Frederic  William  III.,  but  he  was 
so  broken  by  the  single  battle  of  Jena,  in  180G,  that  he  obtained 


ginal  iiihabitauts  ?  By  whom  was  it  conquered  ?  3.  What  is  its  history 
as  an  electorate  ?  Who  was  the  last  elector  ?  Who  was  the  lirst  king  ? 
4.  What  can  you  tell  of  Frederic  the  Great  ?    5.  What  part  did  Prussia 


I 

lain 


■■>'%■ 


•If  y> 

"V''' 


ns 


FIKST   BOOK   OF    HISTORY. 


peace  only  by  the  loss  of  half  his  kingdom.     In  the  fall  of  Na- 
poleon he  regained  this  and  also  the  provinces  on  the  Rhine. 

G.  Since  that  time  there  have  been  few  important  events 
except  the  religious  persecution  carried  on  for  several  years; 
the  Catholics  were  the  first  to  suffer,  the  archbishop  of  Cologne 
having  been  imprisoned;  then  Lutherans  and  Calvinists,  who 
would  not  adopt  the  king's  new  system,  were  harassed  in  every 
way,  and  many  in  consequence  emigrated  to  America.  In  1848 
Prussia  was  disturbed  by  risings  of  the  people,  several  conces- 
sions were  made,  and  the  I'ing  attempted  to  secure  the  title  of 
emperor  of  Germany,  but  both  were  defeated. 


ff 


't  ;■ 


CHRONOLOGY  OF  GERMANY. 

B.  C. 

Germany  invaded  by  Cicsar, 54 

A.  c. 

Christianity  i)i'oached, 700 

Charlemagne  conquers  Germany  and  founds  an  empire,    .        .  800 

Empire  made  elective,           .        .        • 912 

Otho  I.  emperor, 93G 

The  great  interregnum, l^.'iO 

Rudolph  of  Ilapsbuig  elected, 1273 

Switzerland  revolts,               1307 

War  of  succession,  Charles  V.  and  Francis  1 1519 

Reformation  began, 1519 

Thirty  years' war, 1G18 

Prussia  made  a  kingdom, 1700 

War  of  succession — Maria  Theresa  and  Duke  of  Bavaria,        .  1740 

Frederic  II.  king  of  Prussia,  Hanover  and  WQrtemburg,       .        .  1742 


take  in  the  French  revolution?    Wliat  happened  iu  the  wars  with  Napo- 
leon ?    G.  What  events  Lave  since  occurred  ? 


B.  C. 

54 

A.  C. 

700 

800 

912 

<J3G 

1250 

1273 

1307 

1519 

1519 

1018 

1700 

1740 

1742 


THE   HISTORY   OF   EUROPE. 

Bavaria  and  Saxony  made  kingdoms, 

German  Emi)lre  ends, 

Germanic  Confederation  formed. 
Revolutionary  attempts  in  various  parts, 


no 

i 

1804 

|i 

1806 

iplj 

1815 

1848 

HOLLAXD-BELGIUM. 

1.  Holland  and  Belgium  are  low  but  fertile  and  populous 
countries  distinguished  for  the  industry  and  jjrosperity  of  the 
people.  They  were  formerly  mucii  engaged  in  commerce,  but 
are  at  present  employed  cliiefly  iu  manufactures. 

2.  The  early  inhabitants  of  Belgium  were  of  German  origin; 
they  were,  after  a  long  war,  subdued  by  Caesar,  and  their 
country,  till  the  fall  of  the  Koman  Empire,  formed  part  of  the 
province  of  Gaul.  After  the  time  of  Charicmiigne  it  was  part 
of  the  German  Empire,  but  became  independent  in  the  teiith 
century,  and  remained  so  till  annexed  t<  Burgundy,  in  1443. 
It  subsequently  passed  to  Charles  V.,  ii.jig  of  ►Spaii-  in  right 
of  his  father. 

3.  Under  Philip  I.  a  revolt  broke  out,  and  though  Spain 
was  in  the  zenith  of  her  power,  s)  :ould  not  reduce  seven  of 
the  provinces,  which  formed  a  r<.i)ublic,  under  a  stadthokljr  in 
1581.  The  new  republic  was  soon  distinguished  lor  Us  mari- 
time enterprize.  Her  fleets  ruled  the  ocean,  and  distant  colo- 
nies in  America  and  the  East  contributed  to  its  wealth,  \n'os- 

1.  Describe  Holland  and  Belgium.  2.  Who  were  the  curly  inhabit- 
ants of  Belgium  ?  Give  its  early  history.  When  did  it  pass  to  Spain  ? 
3.  What  took  place  in  the  reign  of  Philip  II?    For  what  was  the  new 


>' 


m' 


V4' 


;••*! 


'V" 
■lib' 


i;^' 


!i 


ibJ 


180 


FIRST   UOOK    OF   IIISTOKY. 


perlfy,  and  ])owcr.     Tlio  oilier  jn'ovincos  roiuaiiied  subject  to 
Spain,  hnt  partook  of  llui  .spirit,  of  the  rest. 

4.  Thf  lirst  stadtholdcr,  William,  and  his  sncccssor  MaiuMco, 
wore  bravo  and  snaTssl'nl  p:(MK'rals,  and  raised  Holland  to  a 
hij::h  degree  of  i)rosperity.  In  l(»r)2  Holland  was  at  war  with 
(^•oinwell,  and  the  Dnteh  Adn\iral  Van  Tronip  gained  many  vi('- 
lories.  Soon  after  a  rcvolntion  took  plaee,  by  which  the  stadt- 
liolders  were  abolished,  bnt  in  lOVi  William,  afterwards  king 
of  Kngland,  was  mado  stadtliolder,  and  by  his  ability  as  a 
general  raised  the  martial  renown  of  Holland;  but  llu;  olVieo 
was  again  abolished  on  his  death  \n  1702,  and  not  restored  till 
1747. 

5.  l>y  the  treaty  of  Utreeht,  in  171.'{,  Spain  was  I'orciHl  to 
resign  her  l^elgian  ))rovinees  to  Austria,  which  kept  possession 
of  them  till  the  French  revolution.  Belgium  was  the  lirst 
country  invaded  and  subdued  by  the  repuldican  arnnes.  Hol- 
land was  then  taken  and  annexed  to  France,  uiuler  the  name 
of  the  Batavian  ilepublic.  Anpoleon  snl)se(iuently  formed  it 
into  the  Kingdom  of  Holland,  and  gave  the  crown  for  a  time  to 

his  brother  Louis,  but  on  the  fall  of  the  emi)eror,  the 
A  C   1815 

stacitholder,  or  Prince  of  Orange,  was  made  king. 

6.  The  Kingdom  of  the  ^s'etherlands  lasted  fifteen  years,  but 
the  Belgians,  chiefly  Catholics,  being  oppressed,  revolted  in 
18;>0,  and  securing  their  inde})endenc«',  accepted  as  king,  licopold 
of  Saxe-Coburg,  who  still  reigns.  The  rest  was  styled  the  F».ing- 
dom  of  Ilollaud,  and  remained  subject  to  the  house  of  Orange. 


republic  distinguiHlicfl  ?  4.  What  evtMits  took  plnco  under  the  new 
govfrinuent  ?  ;">.  Wliat  i'liaiif!;t'  'ivas  made  l)y  tlio  tivaty  of  Utrecht? 
"Wlmt  obanges  took  place  iu  the  French  rovolution  ?  ti.  What  took 
place  in  1830  ? 


lib*!   new 

'trecht? 

Iiat  took 


TIIK    IIISTOItV    (»!••    Kl'UOI'K. 


181 


l> 


_  *-^     *         4 

Fi.sht'rmon  of  Norway 


0>i>V..^i«" 


DENMARK,  NORWAY  AND  SWRDllX. 

1,  These  tlirec  countries  oceiipy  two  peninsulas  faein*^  each 
other,  between  the  Nortli  Sea  and  the  Baltic,  witli  the  adjacent 
isles,  and  arc  occupied  by  a  people  of  similar  orif^in,  language 
and  religion.  Denmark  embraces  also  two  German  duchies:  it 
is  not  very  fertile  or  populous,  though  advantageousl^  Ituated 
for  commerce.     Sweden  and  Norway  arc  fertile  in  the  south, 

1.   Describe  Denmark,  Norway  and  Sweden.      2.  What  were  they 

10 


I 

! 

5 


% 


't^^ 

)\ . 

u 


tc:^ 


.f  u 


182 


FIRST    BOOK   OF    HISTORY. 


while  the  north  supplies  timber  from  its  forests,  and  useful 
metals  from  the  mines. 

2.  These  countries  were  anciently  called  Scandinavia,  and 
little  is  known  of  their  early  history.  The  Cimbri  who  invaded 
Italy  in  the  time  of  Marius,  came  from  Denmark,  and  soon 
after  the  Christian  era  the  Swedes  were  famous  as  navigators. 
From  the  eighth  to  the  eleventh  centuries  these  countries  sent 
out  piratical  fleets  under  sea-kings,  whi^li  ravaged  all  the  sur- 
rounding countries.  The  Danes,  Normans,  Angles  and  others 
came  from  these  parts:  they  were  at  this  time  barbarous  and 
cruel,  and  plunged  in  idolatry. 

3.  Civilization  and  Christianity  were  introduced  into  these 
countries  by  St.  Anscharius  and  others,  in  the  ninth  century,  but 
as  Sweyn,  king  of  Denmark,  apostatized,  it  was  not  till  his  suc- 
cessor, Canute,  conquered  England  that  Christianity  was  firmly 
planted.  Canute  was  the  greatest  monarch  of  his  day:  he 
ruled  over  England,  Denmark  and  Norway,  and  Iceland  and 
Greenland  were  subject  to  him.  We  have  already  spoken  of 
him  in  the  history  of  England. 

4.  After  the  time  of  Canute,  the  history  of  these  countries  is 
uninteresting  till  the  reign  of  Margaret,  who  ascended  the 
throne  in  1381.  She  was  queen  of  Denmark,  and  marrying 
the  king  of  Norway,  subdued  Sweden,  Her  husband  soon 
died,  and  she  then  became  sole  ruler  of  the  three  kingdoms. 
She  was  a  woman  of  great  ability,  and  by  the  treaty  of  Calmar 
formed  the  articles  of  the  Union,  and  reigned  with  great  glory 
for  many  years.  After  her  C  nth  the  kings  remained  in  Den- 
mark, while  Norway  and  Sweden  were  oppressed  by  the  Danes. 


anciently  called  ?    What  can  you  tell  of  the  early  history  ?    3.    How 
Vv'as  Christianity  introduced?    What  can  you  tell  of  Canute?    4.  Do- 


THE   HISTORY    OF   EUROPE. 


183 


[rying 

SOOU 

loms. 
ilmar 
Iglory 
Den- 
lanes. 

Row 
De- 


6.  About  1523  the  Swedes  grew  weary  of  the  tyranny  of  the 
Danish  officers,  and  resolved  to  throw  off  the  foreign  yoke. 
Gustavus  Vasa,  son  of  a  victim  to  Danish  cruelty,  fled  for  safety 
to  Dalecarlia,  a  mining  district:  at  a  favorable  moment  he  dis- 
closed himself,  aroused  the  people,  and  in  a  short  time  achieved 
the  independence  of  Sweden. 

6.  Gustavus  was  now  raised  to  the  throne,  and  from  this 
time  Sweden  becomes  an  important  kingdom.  One  of  his  first 
acts  was  to  introduce  the  Lutheran  religion.  Many  refused  to 
receive  it,  among  the  rest  his  brave  Dalecarlians,  the  liberators 
of  Sweden,  but  Gustavus  sent  an  army  against  them,  and  after 
a  severe  struggle,  nearly  exterminated  them.  Severe  and 
sliameful  laws  were  then  passed  against  Catholics,  and  to  this 
day  no  Swede  can  become  a  Catholic  without  losing  all  his 
property.  How  happy  are  we  to  live  in  a  country  which  is 
beginning  to  reject  such  laws  1 

7.  The  king  of  Denmark,  at  that  time  Christian  II.,  was 
crafty  and  tyrannical.  While  contending  with  Gustavus  he 
pretended  to  be  a  zealous  Catholic,  but  soon,  like  him,  threw 
off  the  mask,  and  introducing  Lutheranisra,  established  it  by 
penal  laws  like  those  of  Sweden.  From  his  reign  the  history 
of  Denmark  is  not  marked  by  any  important  events  till  a  very 
recent  period. 

8.  In  Sweden,  John,  the  son  of  Gustavus,  endeavored  to 
restore  the  Catholic  religion,  but  overawed  by  the  nobles, 
renounced  it.  His  son,  Sigismund,  who  was  also  king  of  Po- 
land, was  a  Catholic,  and  after  a  short  reign  was  dethroned. 

scribe  the  reign  of  Margaret?  5.  When  did  the  Swedes  revolt? 
6.  "What  were  the  chief  acts  of  Gustavus?  How  did  he  treat  the  faith- 
ful Dalecarlians  ?  7.  What  was  the  character  of  Christian  II  ?  8.  What 
attempts  were  made  to  restore  the  Catholic  religion  in  Sweden  ?    De- 


m 


J. 


;ir'-  ^i* 


■'  n 


184 


FIRST   BOOK   OP   HISTORY. 


m 

is! 


i' 


In  16J11  Gustavus  Adolplius  came  to  the  throne;  he  waa  a 
great  warrior.  After  defeating  Denmark,  Pohind  and  Russia, 
he  was  entreated  by  the  Protestants  in  Germany  to  aid  them. 
In  hopes  of  securing  tlie  imperial  title,  he  took  command  of  tiie 
Evangelical  union,  and  for  some  years  led  the  armies  of  the 
league,  but  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Lutzen,  in  1032,  before 
tiic  close  of  the  Thirty  years'  war. 

9.  His  daughter,  Christina,  was  a  remarkable  woman.  After 
reigning  with  great  ability  for  twenty-one  years,  she  resigned 
the  throne  to  become  a  Catholic,  preferring  truth  to  the  sceptre. 
Si»o  had  obtained  of  the  German  emperor  an  indenmity  for  the 
expenses  of  the  war,  the  rank  of  prince  of  the  empire,  and  the 
provinces  of  Pomerania  and  Siet.^'ii. 

10.  In  1697  Charles  XII.  came  to  the  throne,  at  the  age 
of  fifteen.  Two  years  after  Sweden  was  attacked  by  Russia, 
l\)land  and  Denmark,  but  these  powers  soon  found  that  they 
had  roused  a  lion.  In  six  weeks  Charles  compelled  Denmark 
to  sue  for  peace:  mardiiug  then  into  Russia  he  defeated  an 
army  ten  times  as  large  as  his  own,  at  Narva,  and  took  30,000 
prisoners.  He  then  conquered  Poland,  deposed  the  king,  and 
bad  another  elected.  Here  he  should  have  stopped;  but  ad- 
vancing again  into  Russia,  he  was  defeated  at  Pultowa,  and 
fled  to  Turkey  with  a  few  hundred  men.  Having  at  last 
regained  his  liberty  he  returned  to  Sweden,  which  had  been 
invaded  and  ravaged  during  his  absence.  Still  bent  on  war,  he 
attempted  to  conquer  Norway,  but  was  killed  at  the  siege  of  a 
fortress  in  1718. 

11.  The  sceptre  of  Sweden  passed,  in  1771,  to  Gustavus  III., 


scribe  the  reign  of  Gustavus  Adolphus  ?      9.   Describe  the  reign  of 
Christina?     10.  What  can  you  tell  us  of  CJiarles  XII?     11.  Who  made 


s  III., 


^ign  of 
lo  made 


THE   HISTORY   OF   EUROPE. 


185 


who  deprived  the  Senate  of  its  privileges,  and  made  himself 
absolute.  His  reign  was  peaceful  and  beneficial  to  his  subjects. 
He  was  assassinated  in  1192.  His  successor  was  deposed,  and 
died  of  want  in  exile.  In  1810,  by  the  influence  of  Napoleon, 
IJernadotte,  a  French  general,  who  had  fought  as  a  sergeant  in 
in  India,  was  made  crown  prince,  and  succeeded  to  'he  throne 
in  1818.  Before  this,  Norway  had  been  annexed  to  Sweden, 
after  having  belonged  for  four  centuries  to  Denmark. 

12.  During  the  wars  of  the  French  revolution,  Denmark 
leaned  to  the  side  of  France,  and  was  attacked  in  consequence 
by  England,  who  without  a  declaration  of  war,  seized  her  fleet, 
and  bombarded  Copenhagen.  This  severe  blow  has  crippled 
her  naval  power.  In  1848,  Ilolstein,  a  German  duchy,  which 
Denmark  had  received  froru  Prussia  in  1814,  in  exchange  for 
Pomerania,  revolted,  but  though  aided  by  Prussia,  was  at  last 
subdued. 


CHRONOLOGY. 

A.  C. 

Canute  reigns,^ '     .  1015 

Margaret  founds  the  Union  of  Calraar, 1387 

Gustavus  Vasa  founds  the  Kingdom  of  Sweden,  ....  1523 

Christian  II.  introduces  Reformation  into  Denmark,  about        .  l")iJO 

Gustavus  Adolphus,  Iving  of  Sweden, Kill 

Charles  XII l(i!)7 

Sweden  becomes  absolute, 1771 

Bernadotte  made  crown  prince, 1810 

War  between  Denmark  and  Holstein, 1818 

himself  absolute  in  1771?  What  has  happened  since?  12.  What  was 
the  history  of  Denmark  during  the  French  revolutiion?  What  has  hap- 
pened since  ? 

16* 


m 

li'iil 

m 


.11!;!' 


■'I*'  ''i 

f 'ill  :^ 


.i\: 


m 


■-^n 

I'^'i  ik 

t?'   "M 

186 


FIRST   DOOK    OF    IIISTORV. 


POLAND. 


m 


1.  Poland  is  not  now  a  separate  country.  The  part  of 
Europe  where  tlie  PdHsIi  language  is  si)okcn,  includes  large 
portions  of  Russia,  Austria  and  Prussia.  It  is  fertile,  populous, 
and  inhabited  by  a  brave  and  industrious  people,  who  have  suf- 
fered greatly  from  oppression. 

2.  The  Poles  are  of  Slavonic  origin,  and  occupied  Poland 
about  the  year  boO,  uniler  a  cliief  named  Lt.'c:h,  His  successors 
governed  until  the  time  of  Miceslas,  under  the  title  of  dukes. 
This  prince  having  married  a  Christian,  embraced  the  faitli  in 
965,  and  sent  an  embassy  to  Home.  His  son,  Boleslas  the 
Great,  assumed  the  title  of  king,  conciuerod  Moravia,  Bohemia 
an  1  Enssia,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  Polish  greatness. 

''L  \'i  1385,  Hcdwigc  was  the  heiress  of  the  throne,  but  as 
her  ht'sband  Jagellon,  duke  of  Lithuania,  was  a  Pagan,  an  intcr- 
iCiTnam  ensued  till  he  was  converted  and  baptized.  Sigis- 
mund  I.  was  the  most  accomplished  prince  that  ever  reigned  in 
Poland,  and  endeavored  to  elevate  his  subjects  by  inspiring 
them  with  a  taste  for  art  and  science. 

4.  After  the  death  of  Sigismund  the  crown  became  elective, 
and  kings  of  various  families  and  nations  were  chosen.  This 
led  to  great  dissension  and  intrigue,  and  at  last  ruined  Po- 
land. Among  thi  se  kings  were  Sigismund,  king  of  Sweden, 
Henry  III.,  king  of  France,  and  John  Casiinir,  who  had  been  a 

1.  Describe  Poland.  2.  What  is  the  origin  of  the  Poles?  Wlio 
founded  the  state  ?  When  were  they  converted  ?  Who  was  the  first 
king  ?  3.  What  happened  in  1385  ?  Give  the  character  of  Sigisininid. 
4.  What  happened  after  his  death  ?    What  can  you  tell  us  of  some  of 


of  Pohu 
6.  01 
remaiuej 
the  Poll 
persecut 
have  hi 
while  t| 
Poles  r( 


these  elel 
peiied  af([ 
procecdir 
Hussiaas  I 


ifi 


THE  HISTORY   OF    EUKOrE. 


18T 


cardinal.  John  Sol)lcski,  who  was  elected  in  1674,  had  l)ocn 
great  marshal  of  rohuul,  and  hud  for  several  years,  almost  at 
his  own  expense,  defended  rolund  against  tlie  Turks,  whom  lie 
defeated  in  many  bloody  battles.  After  his  election  he  again 
defeated  tliem,  and  when  Austr'  was  attacked  by  them,  in 
1()S3,  he  imirched  to  the  r''  'm'  German  emperor,  de- 

livered Vienna,  and  in  three  i  ai  pletely  overthrew  the 

power  of  the  Turks. 

5.  After  this,  neighboring  powers  began  to  interfere  in  the 
elections,  and  at  last,  in  1*172,  Russia,  Prussia,  anl  Austria 
seized  several  of  the  provinces.  To  avoid  <hese  evils,  the  crown 
was  made  hereditary  in  1791,  but  the  Russians  entered  Poland, 
and  other  provinces  were  seized.  Kosciusko  who  had  fought 
for  liberty  in  Ani'rica,  made  a  brave  resistance,  but  was 
defeated,  nine  thousand  Poles  slain  before  Warsaw,  the  city 
taken,  and  the  last  king,  Stanislaus  Poniatowski,  having  abdi- 
cated, the  country  was  finally  divided  between  Russia,  Austria, 
and  PrussiU,  and  the  emperor  of  Russia  took  the  title  of  king 
of  Poland. 

6.  Of  all  the  kingdom  the  little  R<  public  of  Cracow  alone 
remained  free.  Russia,  which  took  the  greater  part,  has  treated 
the  Poles  with  great  cruelty,  and  endeavored  by  unrelenting 
persecution  to  maki;  them  forsake  the  Catholic  religion.  Many 
have  been  put  to  death,  oi*  compelled  to  work  as  criminals, 
while  thousands  have  been  exiled  to  Siberia.  In  1880  the 
Poles  revolted,  and  for  some  time  maintained  a  sanguinary  war 


these  elective  kings  ?  Describe  the  reign  of  Sobicski  ?  5.  What  hap- 
pened after  this?  What  took  plao  iu  1772  ?  Describe  the  Hul)(^e(iiient 
proceedings?  6.  What  was  tlie  only  part  left  free?  llow  have  the 
Russiana  treated  the  Poles  ?    What  took  place  in  1830  ? 


■■"'•^'.'l/t. 


Iris 

m 

m 


'> 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


1.0 


1.1 


11.25 


£f  1^    12.0 

U    11.6 


HiotDgraphic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WikSTER.N.Y.  MStO 

(716)  S72-4S03 


\ 


^ 


<^ 


V 


''^-V 


^^-^^f.^   ^ 

^^^ 
<>>.^ 

^ 


i\ 


188 


FIRST   BOOK   OF  HISTORY. 


with  Russia,  but  unaided  by  any  European  power,  they  sank 
under  the  colossal  force  of  Russia.  ,.         . 


V   .'•    •  -        CHKONOLOGY  OF  POLAND.  :- 

▲.  c. 

Polish  power  founded  by  Lech. 650 

Miceslas,  first  Gliristian  duke, 961 

Queen  Hedwege  marries  Jagellon, 1385 

Crown  becomos  elective, 1585 

Sobicski  ciected, 1674 

First  partitiovi,  1772 

Stanislaus  a^icatcs,  and  second  partition  made  in      .        .       .  1793 

Last  pai'tit'Ma^ 1795 


RUSSIA. 

1.  Russia  is  a  large  country  embracing  one  half  of  the  terri- 
tory of  Europe.  The  empire  includes  also  all  northern  Asia 
and  a  large  tract  on  the  north-west  coast  of  America.  Russia 
itself  is  a  well  watered  country  bordering  on  the  Northern 
Ocean,  the  Baltic,  Caspian,  and  Black  Seas,  which  are  all  con- 
nected by  navigable  rivers  and  canals.  It  possesses  every 
variety  of  climate,  although  much  of  the  country  is  extremely 
cold.  The  people  are  of  Slavonic  origin,  and  belong  to  the 
Greek  rite,  the  emperor  being  head  of  the  Church. 

2.  The  Russians  were  a  Sclavonic  race,  that  first  appear  in 

1.  Describe  Russia.    What  is  the  religion  ?    2.  When  does  it  first  ap- 


4. 


THE   HISTORY  OP  EUROPE. 


189 


J  sank 


▲.  c. 

550 
961 
1385 
1585 
1674 
1772 
1793 
1795 


he  terri- 
rn  Asia 
Kassia 
orthern 
all  con- 
every 
xtremely 
to  tlie 


58 


ippear 


in 


,t  first  ap- 


history  in  the  fourth  century.  Ruric,  the  first  duke  of  Wla- 
dimir,  is  considered  the  founder  of  the  Russian  Monarchy.  The 
history  of  the  dukes  is  long  obscure,  and  in  the  tenth  century 
there  existed  a  commercial  republic,  of  which  Novgorod  was  the 
capital.  Intercourse  with  Constantinople  led  to  the  introduc- 
tion of  missionaries.  In  955  Olga  or  Helen,  regent  for  her  son, 
embraced  Christianity.  Wladimir  the  Great  aided  its  diffusion, 
and  made  his  country  rank  among  Christian  states. 

3.  In  the  sixteenth  century  Ivan  Basilowitz  assumed  the  title 
of  czar  or  king,  and  soon  after  the  sceptre  passed  to  the  Ro- 
manov family,  which  still  hold  it.  In  1689  Peter  the  Great 
deposed  his  brother,  and  ascended  the  throne.  Hitherto  he 
had  been  ignorant  and  profligate,  but  he  now  determined  to 
improve  himself  and  his  people.  Though  at  first  defeated  by 
Charles  XII.,  he  finally  overthrew  him  at  Pultowa;  he  also 
carried  on  a  successful  war  with  Turkey,  but  his  chief  renown 
is  the  government  of  Russia.  He  suppressed  the  patriarchate 
of  Moscow,  and'  made  the  Church  a  creature  of  the  state.  He 
also  suppressed  the  strelitzes,  a  formidable  body  of  troops,  and 
founded  a  new  capital,  St.  Petersburg,  to  break  the  power  of 
the  nobles.  He  was  thus  absolute,  and  turned  his  attention  to 
his  army  and  navy  as  well  as  to  manufactures,  agi'iculture,  and 
the  improvement  of  his  subjects.  He  h'mself  went  in  disguise 
to  Holland  to  learn  ship-building,  and  even  visited  England  in 
search  of  knowledge. 

4.  After  his  death  in  1725,  fiv^e  short  reigns  preceded  the 


pear  in  history  ?  Who  is  the  founder  of  the  monarchy  ?  What  republic 
existed?  How  was  the  country  converted?  3.  "Who  was  the  first 
king  ?  What  family  has  since  ruled  ?  Describe  the  reign  of  Peter  the 
Great.    4.  What  was  the  character  of  Elizabeth  ?    Describe  the  reign 


PL 

ill 


m 


u 


k 


190 


FIRST    BOOK    OF    HISTORY. 


accession  of  his  daughtei:  Elizabeth,  in  1*740.  She  was  a  bene- 
volent woman  and  able  princess,  and  during  her  reign  compiled 
a  code  of  laws,  and  founded  universities  at  Petersburg  and 
Moscow.  The  Empress  Catharine  assassinated  her  husband, 
Peter  III.,  and  seized  the  throne.  She  was  a  bad  woman,  but 
a  bold  and  enterprizing  sovereign.  She  extended  her  empire  by 
conquests  from  Turkey,  Persia,  and  Poland,  and  was  meditating 
the  entire  subjugation  of  Turkey,  when  she  died  in  1796. 

5.  Paul  was  assassinated  after  a  short  reign,  and  his  son, 
Alexander,  raised  to  the  throne.  He  was  an  able  prince,  and 
the  head  of  the  alliances  against  Napoleon.  In  1805  he  formed 
a  coalition  with  Austria  and  Prussia,  but  defeated  at  Austerlitz 
and  Friedland,  made  peace.  In  1812  Napoleon  invaded  Kussia 
with  the  largest  army  ever  seen  in  modern  times,  and  fought 
his  way  to  Moscow,  where  he  intended  to  winter,  but  the  Rus- 
sians set  fire  to  the  city,  and  Napoleon  was  compelled  to  retreat 
in  mid-winter,  pursued  by  Alexander,  who,  with  the  allies, 
entered  Paris  in  1814,  and  forced  Napoleon  to  abdicate. 

6.  Nicholas,  the  present  emperor,  suppressed  the  revolt  of 
the  Poles,  whom  he  has  since  grr  persecuted;  he  afterwards 
waged  an  unsuccessful  war  with  ,  Circassians,  and  has  just 
invaded  Turkey  with  a  powerful  oimy. 


CHRONOLOGY  OF  RUSSIA. 


Russian  power  founded  by  Ruric, 
Olga  becomes  a  Christian, 


A.  0. 

862 

955 


of  Catharine  U.     5.   What  happened  in  the  reign  of  Alexander? 
6.  Who  is  the  present  emperor  ?  ,,       ..-■.  ^i 


bene- 
ipiled 
and 
band, 
a,  but 
ire  by 
tating 

is  son, 
;e,  and 
formed 
sterlUz 

Russia 
.  fought 
heRns- 

retreat 
allies, 

ivolt  of 

erwards 

as  just 

•t 


A.  0. 

862 

955 


lexauder  t 


THE  BISTORT  OF  EUROPE.  191 

Ivan  Basilowitz,  first  king, 1555 

Peter  the  Great  ascends  the  throne, 1689 

Catharine  II.  usurps  the  throne, 1762 

Russia  invaded  by  Napoleon, 1813 


.  r  k ,  , 


GENERAL  CHRONOLOGY  OF  EUROPE. 


.      f                                            '  B.  C. 

Greece  first  settled, 1856 

Athens  founded, 1556 

The  Trojan  War, 1184 

Rome  founded, 753 

Rome  becomes  a  republic, 509 

Persians  invade  Greece, 490 

Philip  overthrows  Grecian  republics, 338 

Alexander  begins  to  reign, 336 

Rome  conquers  Carthage  and  Spain, 149 

"          "        Greece,                      146 

«          «       Gaul  and  Britain, 55 

Roman  Empire  begins, 30 

A.  c. 

Constantine  removes  the  seat  of  empire, 306 

Empire  divided  into  East  and  West, 395 

Franks  found  a  monarchy, 418 

Venice  founded, 452 

Saxons  found  kingdoms  in  England 455 

Lech  founds  a  monarchy  in  Poland, 550 

Goths  found  a  monarchy  in  Spain, 583 

Saracens  conquer  Spain 712 

Temporal  power  of  the  Popes, 774 

Charlemagne  crowned  emperor, 800 

Gotricus  founds  the  Kingdom  of  Denmark,          ....  801 

Egbert  unites  the  Saxon  Kingdoms  in  England,        .        .       .  827 

Russian  power  founded  by  Ruvic, 862 


'MS 

II  I" 
It  ijt 

m 

!i  I  »T 


I:  « 


192 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


Brian  Bom,  king  of  all  Ireland, 1027 

Normans  conquer  England,  < 106G 

Kingdom  of  Portugal  founded, 1092 

Genoa,  a  republic, 1099 

Normans  invade  Ireland, 1172 

House  of  Ilapsburg  in  Germany, 1273 

Switzerland,  a  republic, 1307 

Turks  enter  Europe, 1359 

Denmark,  Norway  and  Sweden  united, 139(5 

English  drivon  from  France, 1450 

Constantinople  taken, 1453 

Saracens  expelled  from  Spain, 1492 

Reformation 1517 

Gustavus,  flrst  king  of  Sweden, 1523 

Prussia,  a  dukedom, 1525 

Portugal  annexed  to  Spain, 1580 

Peter  the  Great  established  Russian  power,          ....  1696 

Prussia  made  a  kingdom, 1700 

French  revolution, 1789 

German  Empire  ends, 1806 

German  Confederation  formed, 1815 

Greneral  revolutions, 1848 


^ 


(  '■ 


GEOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


103 


1027 
106G 
1092 
1099 
,     1172 
1273 
.     1307 
1359 
.     13915 
1450 
.     1453 
1492 
.     1517 
1523 
.     1525 
1580 
.     1696 
1700 
.    1789 
1806 
.     1815 
1848 


MAP     OF     NORTH     AMERICA. 


i  1    : 

iii'.' 

m 


l!rl 

M 


194 


FIRST    BOOK    OF    HISTORY. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

1.  Bound  North  America. 

2.  What  three  oceans  touch  North  America  ?    What  two  seasT 

3.  What  two  large  baya  in  the  north?  two  large  gulfs  in  the  south? 
two  straits  in  the  north-east  ?  straits  in  the  north-west  ?  ^ 

4.  What  ranges  of  mountains  in  the  west?  what  range  in  the  east? 

5.  What  country  and  island  in  the  north-east  ?  What  country  in  the 
north-west?  What  country  occupies  all  the  rest  of  the  northern  part? 
What  republic  iu  the  centre? 

6.  What  republic  west  of  the  gulf  of  Mexico  ?  What  republic  south 
of  the  gulf  of  Mexico?  ^ns.  Guatemala,  Nicaragua,  Costa  Rica,  and 
Honduras.    What  island  in  the  south-east  ? 

7.  What  island  in  the  Polar  Sea?  What  lakes  in  British  America? 
What  lakes  between  it  and  the  United  States ""  What  river  between 
them  ?  Jlns.  St.  Lawrence.  What  island  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence ? 

8.  What  large  rivers  in  the  United  States  ?  What  river  between  the 
United  States  and  Mexico  ?    What  peninsula  in  the  south-east  ? 

9.  What  peninsula  in  the  west  of  Mexico  ?  in  the  south-east  ?  What 
cape  south  of  California  ?  Which  are  the  largest  of  the  West  India 
islands? 

10.  What  is  the  capital  of  Iceland  ?  ^ns.  Riekiavik.  Of  the  Russian 
Possessions?  Ans.  Archangel.  Of  British  America?  Of  the  United 
States  ?    Of  Mexico  ?    Of  Guatemala  ? 

11.  Where  is  Capo  Sable  ?  Cape  St.  Lucas?  Cape  Farewell  ?  Beliring's 
straits?  Alaska?  What  is  Alaska?  Where  is  California ?  Florida? 
The  Rocky  Monntalns  ?    Yucatan? 

12.  Where  is  Quebec?  Charleston?  Austin?  Mexico?  Puebla? 
Monterey  ?    San  Salvador  ? 


t;.>.. 


THE  OEOORAPHT   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


195 


Korth  American  Indians. 


GEOGRAPHY   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


K 
(1  i 

iil  i:;] 

i'-  i 


Q.  What  is  America  ? 

A.  America  is  a  continent  lying  between  the  Atlantic  and 
the  Pacific,  divided  into  two  parts  called  North  and  South 
America.  It  is  sometimes  styled  the  Ne*  World,  because  it 
has  been  settled  from  Europe  within  the  last  1  jur  centuries. 

Q.  For  what  is  America  remarkable  ? 

A.  America  is  remarkable  for  its  vast  plains,  lofty  moun- 
tains, immense  rivers  and  lakes. 

(    How  is  North  America  divided  ? 

A.  In  the  north-east  is  Greenland,  which,  with  Iceland,  be- 
long to  Denmark  :  in  the  north-west  lies  Russian  America,  be- 
low these  to  the  forty-ninth  degree  are  the  British  Possessions: 
the  centre  extending  from  ocean  to  ocean  and  running  south  to 


'It: 


» 

i!' 

•  i, 


196 


FIRST   BOOK   OF  HISTORY. 


the  galfs  of  Mexico  and  California  is  occnpied  by  the  United 
States.  Further  south  lie. Mexico  and  several  small  republics 
known  generally  as  Central  America. 

Q.  Who  were  the  original  inhabitant  of  America  ? 

A.  The  original  inhabitants  of  America  were  a  dark  race 
whom  we  call  Indians :  in  most  parts  they  wandered  about  and 
subsisted  by  fishing  and  hunting.  Some  had  Tillages,  but  all 
were  unacquainted  with  the  use  of  iron.  Mexico  and  Peru 
were  inhabited  by  more  civilized  races  which  had  made  con- 
siderable progress  in  arts,  manufactures  and  architecture,  but 
had  been  surpassed  by  another  previous  race  who  left  remark- 
able ruins  and  monuments. 

Q.  What  are  the  chief  productions  of  America  ? 

A.  America  had  none  of  the  common  animals,  trees  or  grains 
of  Europe.  The  principal  animals  were  the  White  Bear, 
Moose,  Bison,  Flying  Squirrel,  Beaver,  Opossum,  Skunk,  the 
Mocking  Bird,  Turkey,  Condor,  the  Anaconda,  Alligator, 
Rattlesnake,  etc. 

Q.  What  were  the  principal  plants  ? 

A.  The  chief  plants  were  cotton,  maize  or  Indian  corn,  the 
potato,  tobacco,  etc.  , 

Q.  What  metals  abound  in  America  ? 

A.  America  is  rich  in  metals,  and  has  immense  quantities 
of  iron,  copper,  lead,  gold  and  silver,  besides  coal,  used  for 
fuel,  diamonds  and  other  precious  stones. 


I 


I 


THE  HISTORY  or   NORTH   AMERICA. 


197 


ICELAND  AND  GREENLANU 

1.  Iceland  is  a  large  island  lying  in  the  Northern  Atlantic, 
between  Europe  and  America.  Greenland  is  the  nearest  por- 
tion of  the  American  continent:  it  is  a  bleak  and  desolate 
country,  with  a  thin  and  scattered  population.  Iceland  is  more 
populous,  and  the  people  are  noted  for  their  simple  lives  and 
love  of  learning.  The  country  is  cold,  often  barren,  and  subject 
to  earthquakes  and  eruptions  from  the  great  volcano  Mount 
Hecla. 

2.  Iceland  was  first  discovered  by  Irish  missionaries,  but 
being  subsequently  visited  by  the  Swedes,  was  settled  in  874 
by  Ingulph,  a  Norwegian  baron,  who  had  been  compelled  to 
leave  his  own  country.  Others  followed  him,  and  Iceland 
became  a  thriving  colony.  Christianity  was  introduced,  learn- 
ing spread,  and  the  Icelandic  was  the  first  cultivated  language 
of  modern  times., 

3.  The  early  government  of  Iceland  was  republican,  but  the 
kings  of  Denmark  at  last  brought  it  under  their  subjection, 
and  greatly  checked  its  prosperity  by  oppressive  laws.  When 
the  Reformation  was  introduced  into  Denmark  the  king  at- 
tempted to  enforce  it  in  Iceland,  but  the  people  rebelled,  and 
headed  by  a  puti'iotic  bishop,  declared  Iceland  once  more  a 
republic.  They  maintained  a  gallant  struggle  for  freedom  for 
ten  years,  but  were  at  last  crushed,  and  the  monasteries,  those 
early  seats  of  learning  in  the  north,  were  all  suppressed. 

1.  Describe  Iceland?  2.  By  whom  was  it  first  discovered?  By 
whom  was  it  colonized  ?  3.  What  was  its  first  government  ?  What  waa 
it  then  ?    Who  at  last  reduced  it  ?    What  occurred  at  the  Reformation  ? 

17* 


1 


ill- 


\\n 


!!' 


108 


FIRST  BOOK  or  HISTORY. 


4.  Greenland  was  settled  as  Iceland  had  been.  Eric,  driven 
from  Iceland  in  982,  sailed  westward,  iscovered  Orcenland 
during  the  summer,  and  was  so  pleased  .  at  he  Ifd  a  colony 
there.  Returning  to  Norway  he  became  a  Christian,  and 
brouglit  out  missionaries  to  his  colony.  Greenland  soon  attained 
considerable  prosperity,  many  villages  grew  up,  with  churches, 
convents  and  schools,  and  Garda,  the  capital,  was  a  Bishop's 
see.  Under  the  oppressive  rule  of  Denmark  the  colony  sank, 
and  was  at  last  destroyed  by  famine,  pestilence,  and  the  incur- 
sions of  the  Esquimaux. 

6.  The  family  of  Eric,  who  settled  Greenland,  were  great 
explorers.  Lief,  his  son,  sailed  down  the  coast  of  North 
America  and  discovered  a  place  full  of  wild  grapes,  which  he 
named  Yinland.  Here,  in  a  subsequent  voyage,  his  brother 
was  killed.  Newfoundland,  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  the  coast 
of  New  England  were  visited  by  other  navigators,  to  explore 
or  trade,  and  by  missionaries  to  convert  the  natives.  In  the 
eleventh  century,  John,  an  Irish  monk,  was  killed  in  Yinland, 
and  Eric,  a  bishop,  sailed  from  Greenland  to  carry  the  gospel 
to  the  people  in  the  south. 

6.  The  history  of  Iceland  of  late  years  presents  no  events  of 
importance.  In  the  last  century  the  Moravians  began  missions 
in  Greenland,  and  have  succeeded  to  some  extent  in  civiliziug 
and  converting  the  Esquimaux.  The  Danes  have  only  a  few 
posts  scattered  along  the  coast. 

4.  Give  the  history  of  Greenland.    6.  What  countries  were  explored  by 
Eric's  sons  ?    6.  What  is  the  later  history  of  Iceland  ? 


i;.. 


THE   HISTORY    OP   Nf.iTIt    AMERICA. 


199 


ll' 


-     DISCOVERY  BY  COLUMBUS. 

1.  The  North-men  knew  only  a  small  part  of  the  continent, 
and  none  suspected  that  a  separate  continent  stretched  down 
far  below  the  equator.  Some  time  after  the  fate  of  the  Green- 
land colony,  a  Polish  priest  named  Copernicus  began  to  teach 
the  present  system  of  Astronomy,  and  showed  that  the  earth  is 
a  sphere,  so  that  it  could  be  traveled  around. 

2.  When  the  discovery  of  the  compass  enabled  mariners  to 
make  longer  voyages,  Christopher  Columbus,  a  Genoese  in.  the 
service  of  Spain,  proposed  to  sail  across  the  Atlant:  to  China, 
and  solicited  several  princes  to  give  him  vessels  to  try  it.  Most 
men  ridiculed  the  idea,  and  when  almost  giving  it  up  in  despair, 
Isabella,  queen  of  Castile,  at  her  own  expense,  fitted  him  out 
three  little  vessels  in  1492.  With  these  Columbus  sailed  from 
Pulos  in  Spain,  and  after  u  voyage  of  ten  weeks  landed  on  one 
of  the  Bahama  islands.  Believing  that  it  was  part  of  Asia,  he 
called  it  the  West  Indies,  and  the  people  Indians.  After  dis- 
covering other  islands  he  returned  in  triumph  to  Spain. 

3.  Great  honors  were  at  tirst  given  to  Columbus,  but  after  a 
while  the  Spanish  government  grew  jealous.  Columbus  was 
deprived  of  his  rank  in  St.  Domingo,  and  sent  back  in  chains 
to  Spain.  In  other  voyages  he  discovered  the  continent  of 
South  America,  It  received  the  name  America  from  a  Flo- 
rentine, Amerigo,  or  Henry,  Vespucci,  who  sailed  in  an  expedi- 
tion some  yeavs  after. 

1.  What  astronomer  led  to  new  Ideas  of  navigation  ?  2.  Wliat  can 
you  tell  of  Columbus  and  his  project  ?  3.  What  was  the  result  of  his 
voyajre  ? 


i; 


! 


m  j 

li 


200 


FIRST   BOOK  OF   HISTORY. 


SPANISH  AMERICA -THE  WEST  IXDIES. 

1.  All  the  islands  lying  between  North  and  South  America 
are  now  called  the  West  Indies,  though  that  name  was  at  first 
given  to  all  America.  Four  of  these  islands  Cuba,  Hayti  or 
St,  Domingo,  Jamaica  and  Porto  Rico,  are  quite  large.  All 
are  very  fertile,  and  as  the  climate  is  warm  the  productions  are 
valuable  and  abundant.  Sugar,  tobacco,  coffee  and  cotton,  are 
raised  in  great  quantities. 

2.  Hayti  was  the  first  island  which  the  Spaniards  settled, 
and  from  it  they  spread  to  all  the  other  islands.  Columbus 
a  good  man,  but  many  who  came  over  were  cruel  and  avari- 
cious ;  they  oppressed  the  Indians,  reduced  them  to  slavery  and 
by  frequent  wars  depopulated  the  islands.  The  Spaniards  then 
brought  in  negro  slaves  to  cultivate  the  land  aud  the  islands  be- 
came rich  and  populous. 

3.  As  the  power  of  Spain  declined,  other  nations  took  most 
of  these  islands.  England  took  Jamaica  and  several  small 
islands,  France  a  portion  of  St.  Domingo  with  other  islands, 
and  about  sixty  years  ago  the  negroes  in  Hayti  revolted,  drove 
out  French  and  Spaniards,  and  formed  an  independent  state, 
which  has  been  three  times  a  republic,  twice  an  empire  and 
once  a  kingdom.  It  is  in  a  wretched  condition.  Cuba  and 
Porto  Rico  still  belong  to  Spain,  Jamaica  and  most  of  th^ 
small  islands  to  England,  a  few  to  France,  Denmark  and  Hoi 
laud. 


1.  Describe  the  West  Indies.  2.  What  was  the  conduct  of  the  Span- 
iards in  Hayti?  3.  What  is  the  subsequent  history  of  these  islands? 
Which  now  belong  to  Spain  ?    What  has  Hayti  become  ? 


'  ''I 


THE  BISTORT  OF   NORTH  AMERICA. 


201 


MEXICO. 


"t 
'  ''f 


1.  Mexico  is  a  fine  country  lying  in  the  southern  part  of 
North  America,  between  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  The  land  on  the  sea  coast  is  low  and  unhealthy,  but 
the  interior  is  an  elevated  plain,  which  enjoys  a  delightful  cli- 
mate. Mexico  abounds  in  silver  mines,  which  have  always 
been  a  great  source  of  wealth. 

2.  Mexico  was  inhabited  at  a  very  early  period  by  a  highly 
civilized  race,  and  many  ruins  exist  which  compare  with  those 
of  Egypt  and  Nini,e.  They  comprise  cities,  palaces,  temples 
and  other  building,  half  buried  in  the  earth,  with  trees  centu- 
ries old  growing  over  them.  Of  the  history  of  the  people  who 
built  them  not  a  trace  remaius,  showing  us  how  vain  is  all 
human  greatness  and  power. 

3.  Mexico  was  at  one  time  divided  into  a  number  of  small 
states;  but  in  the  twelfth  century,  a  people  called  Aztecs  came 
from  the  north  in  great  poverty,  but  after  a  while,  under  valiant 
chiefs^  rose  to  power,  subdued  the  neighboring  states,  and 
founded  the  Empire  of  Mexico.  The  Aztecs  now  acquired 
much  civilization  from  those  they  conquered :  Mexico  became 
beautiful,  roads  were  constructed,  a  regular  system  of  couriers 
to  various  parts  of  the  empire  formed,  and  all  things  assumed  a 
regular  form.  Immense  pyramids  were  raised  for  the  services 
of  their  cruel  religion,  in  which  thousands  of  human  victims 
were  sacrificed. 

4.  In  1519,  while  Montezuma  was  emperor,  the  Spainards, 


i 


m 


!  Itl 


J? 


I.  Describe  Mexico.    2.  Who  were  the  original  inhabitants ?    3.  What 
race  subsequently  attained  the  superiority  ?    4.  What  happened  in  the 


'Mi 

m 


202 


FIRST  BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


under  Ferdinand  Cortez,  landed  at  Yera  Cruz  and  advanced  to 
Mexico.  They  were  well  received  by  the  emperor,  but  the 
fears  of  the  people  were  excited,  and  Cortez  finding  himself  in 
danger,  seized  the  emperor.  On  this  a  revolt  ensued,  and  Mon- 
tezuma, in  endeavoring  to  restore  peace,  was  killed,  and  the 
Spaniards  were  driven  out. 

5.  Guatimozin,  the  last  emperor,  used  every  eflfort  to  free 
Mexico  from  the  invaders,  but  Cortes  and  his  Spanish  soldiers, 
with  the  help  of  Tlascala,  a  republic  at  war  with  Mexico,  re- 
took the  city,  and  soon  after  put  Guatimozin  to  death.  Thus 
ended  the  empire  of  the  Aztecs.  The  wealth  of  the  country 
soon  attracted  emigrants  from  Europe,  and  the  Spanish  power 
was  thoroughly  established.  The  Indians  were  at  first  op- 
pressed, but  by  the  efforts  of  Zumarraga,  Las  Casas  and  other 
good  bishops,  just  and  strict  laws  were  passed.  Missionaries 
soon  spread  through  the  city  and  converted  most  of  the  settled 
tribes,  though  many  missionary  fathers  lost  their  lives  in  various 
places.  The  Spaniards  intermarried  with  these  converts  of  their 
own  rank,  and  to  this  day  the  mass  of  the  people  is  of  Indian 
origin. 

6.  Mexico  remained  a  province  of  Spain,  governed  by  vice- 
roys, till  the  time  of  the  French  revolution,  when  it  was  in  its 
most  flourishing  state.  Its  history  till  that  time  is  not  remark, 
able:  it  was  the  first  formed  of  the  North  American  states: 
here  the  first  books  were  printed,  colleges  founded,  and  acade- 
mics of  art  formed.    While  Spain  was  desolated  by  anarchy, 


reign  of  Montezuma?  Describe  the  conquest.  5.  What  efforts  did 
Guatimozin  make?  What  followed  the  conquest?  How  were  the 
Indians  treated  ?  Who  protected  them  ?  6,  What  was  its  colonial  his- 
tory ?    When  did  the  Mexicans  revolt  ?    Who  finally  achieved  its  Inde- 


5 

i 

I 


THE   HISTORY   OF   NORTH  AMERICA. 


20i 


''I 

i 


great  troubles  took  place  in  Mexico,  and  the  people  at  last 
resolved  to  form  a  distinct  government.  The  first  attemi^t 
made  in  1810  by  Hidalgo,  a  priest,  was  defeated:  the  next 
succeeded,  and  O'Donoho,  the  last  viceroy,  surrendered  to 
Iturbide,  the  Mexican  general,  in  1821. 

t.  Mexico  was  now  declared  an  empire,  and  Iturbide  raised 
to  the  throne,  but  after  a  short  reign  he  was  expelled,  and 
subsequently  returning,  was  shot.  A  republican  government, 
in  imitation  of  that  of  the  United  States,  was  then  formed,  but 
ambitious  men  soon  plunged  the  country  into  anarchy,  in  which 
it  has  ever  since  continued.  Santa  Anna  has  been  the  most 
successful  of  these  men,  and  has  frequently  obtained  the  chief 
power,  and  has  been  as  frequently  expelled. 

8.  In  1836  Americans  who  had  been  invited  into  Texas 
revolted,  and  declared  it  an  independent  republic.  Santa  Anna 
in  person  led  an  army  to  reduce  it,  but  was  defeated  and 
taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  San  Jacinto,  where  Mexico  lost 
that  state  for  ever.  Yucatan  soon  after  revolted,  and  in  1846 
Texas,  which  had  been  a  separate  republic,  was  annexed  to  the 
United  States.  '  The  frontier  between  Mexico  and  Texas  had 
never  been  settled,  and  a  war  ensued  between  the  United 
States  and  Mexico,  in  which  the  Americans,  under  Taylor, 
advanced  to  Monterey,  and  seized  New  Mexico  and  California, 
while  another  army,  under  Scott,  took  Vera  Cruz,  and  fought 
its  way  to  Mexico.  A  treaty  of  peace  was  then  made,  by  which 
Mexico  relinquished  California  and  New  Mexico. 


pendence  ?  7.  What  did  it  now  become  ?  What  was,  how3ver,  soon 
formed  ?  Who  has  been  the  most  conspicuous  man  since  then  ?  8.  What 
happened  in  1836  ?  What  resulted  from  the  annexation  of  Texas?  What 
did  Mexico  lose  by  the  war  ? 


fill .. 


I, '.J 


^1  ■■' 


11 


204 


FIRST  BOOK   OF  HISTORY. 


BRITISH  POSSESSIONS  IN  NORTH  AMERICA. 

CANADA. 

1.  Canada  is  a  part  of  the  British  Possessions  in  North 
America,  lying  chiefly  on  the  northern  shore  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence and  the  great  lakes.  It  formerly  belonged  to  France, 
and  then  included  all  the  other  British  provinces, 

2.  Canada  was  originally  inhabited  by  Indian  tribes  in  a 
very  barbarous  condition.  Almost  all  belonged  to  two  races, 
the  Algonquins,  who  lived  by  hunting  and  fishing,  and  roamed 
from  place  to  place,  and  the  Hurons,  who  were  more  advanced, 
lived  in  villages  of  bark  cabins,  protected  by  palisades,  and 
raised  Indian  corn,  beans,  squashes  and  tobacco.  These  tribes 
were  at  peace  with  each  other,  and  at  war  with  the  Iroquois, 
a  tribe  in  New  York. 

3.  Newfoundland  was  discovered  by  French  fishermen  in  the 
time  of  Columbus.  Yerazzani,  Cartier,  and  other  French  navi- 
gators explored  Canada  and  the  neighboring  coasts.  After 
several  fruitless  attempts  to  settle  the  country,  Port  Royal, 
now  Annapolis,  in  Nova  Scotia  was  begun  by  De  Monts  in 
1605,  and  Quebec  in  1608,  by  Samuel  Champlain.  Of  Acadia 
or  Nova  Scotia  we  shall  speak  hereafter,  and  we  shall  now 
tell  of  the  history  of  Canada. 

4.  Champlain  is  styled  the  father  of  Canada.  He  was  a 
good  and  brave  man,  laboring  earnestly  for  the  good  of  the 


1.  Describe  Canada.  2.  By  what  tribes  was  it  inhabited?  With 
whom  were  they  at  war?  3.  Describe  the  early  French  discoveries? 
4.  Where  were  the  first  two  settlements  formed  ?   Who  founded  Quebec? 


THE   HISTOBY   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


205 


colony.  He  gained  tbe  good  will  of  all  the  Indian  tribes  iu 
Canada,  and  joined  them  in  their  war  against  the  Iroquois;  he 
brought  out  colonists  and  missionaries  to  settle  the  country,  to 
convert  the  Indians,  and  explored  much  of  New  York  and 
Canada,  as  far  as  Lake  Huron.  Just  as  his  colony  was  begin- 
ning to  prosper  it  was  attacked  by  the  English,  who  carried 
him  and  most  of  the  settlers  to  England,  in  1629. 

6.  Canada  was  restored  to  France  in  1632,  and  Champlain 
was  again  made  governor,  and  conducted  affairs  with  great 
ability  to  his  death.  The  colony  was  neglected  by  the  govern- 
ment in  France,  and  suffered  greatly  in  the  war  with  the 
Iroquois,  who  had  obtained  arms  of  the  Dutch.  In  1649  the 
Hurons,  now  almost  all  converted,  were  nearly  destroyed, 
and  Upper  Canada  ravaged;  the  Algonquins  fell  next,  and 
the  colony  was  brought  to  the  verge  of  ruin.  Peace  was 
made,  however,  in  1653,  a)id  missionaries  went  among  the 
Iroquois  to  endeavor  to  convert  them  to  Christianity:  others 
proceeded  to  the  Far  West  and  preached  to  the  Indians  on 
Lake  Superior  and  Michigan.  In  these  missions  they  suffered 
great  hardships,  and  often  lost  their  lives. 

6.  The  missionaries  explored  the  country,  discovered  its 
mineral  and  vegetable  wealth,  and  at  last  discovered  the 
Mississippi,  which  Father  Marquette  explored,  and  Robert 
de  la  Salle  afterwards  sailed  down  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
Other  missionaries  penetrated  into  Maine  and  north  towards 
Hudson's  Bay.  By  these  discoveries  France  laid  claim  to  the 
whole  valleys  of  the  Mississippi  and  St.  Lawrence. 


Describe  his  policy.    By  whom  was  Canada  taken  ?    5.  When  was  it 
restored  ?    What  was  the  result  of  the  Indian  war  ?    Where  did  mission-^ 


aries  go  ?    6.   What  parts  did  they  explore  ? 

'8 


7.   What  did  Dongan 


'i;n 


I 


''iff 
'"11 

m 
4 


■<:  HI 

'I 


f:    ■ft 


206 


FIRST   BOOK   OF  HISTORY. 


I 


t.  When  New  York  was  taken  by  the  English,  in  1664,  a 
new  era  began.  Dongan,  governor  of  New  York,  attempted 
to  exclude  the  French  from-  all  south  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 
and  soon  after  war  breaking  out,  the  English  attempted 
to  conquer  Canada.  The  Iroquois,  their  allies,  attacked  the 
town  of  Lachine  by  night,  massacred  the  people,  and  put  all  to 
fire  and  sword.  The  French  and  their  Indians  began  a  similar 
war,  and  burnt  Schenectady,  Haverhill,  Salmon  Falls,  and 
other  villages.  An  expedition,  under  Phipps,  was  sent  by  sea 
against  Quebec,  and  one  by  land  from  New  York,  in  1690,  but 
the  land  army  was  overtaken  by  sickness,  and  Frontenac,  the 
brave  governor  of  Canada,  repulsed  Phipps  before  Quebec. 

8.  This  was  the  period  of  martial  renown  in  Canada.  Iber- 
ville and  his  brothers  signalized  themselves  in  several  expedi- 
tions against  the  Iroquois  in  New  York,  and  in  bittles  with  the 
English  in  Nova  Scotia  and  Hudson's  Bay,  and  led  colonies  to 
settle  Louisiana,  thus  securing  the  territory  claimed  by  France. 
War  was  renewed  from  time  to  time,  but  the  French  gradually 
extended,  and  a  final  contest  approached.  It  began  in  1154, 
and  the  English  Colonies,  with  aid  from  England,  prepared  to 
conquer  Canada;  but  the  French  were  brave,  well  commanded, 
and  active.  They  defeated  Braddock  on  the  Ohio,  Monroe  on 
Lake  Champlain,  and  took  Oswego;  but  they  were  unsupported 
by  the  French  king,  and  after  loosing  Kingston,  abandoned 
Pittsburg  and  Niagara.  An  English  expedition  ascended  the 
St.  Lawrence,  and  gained  the  heights  before  Quebec;  a  battle 


attempt?    What  did  the  English  Indians  do?    How  did  the  French 

retaliate?    What  was  the  result  of  the  English  attempt  on  Quebec? 

,  8.  Describe  the  exploits  of  Iberville  ?    What  was  the  final  result  of  the 

war?    Where  were  the  French  at  first  victorious?    Where  were  they 


THE   HISTORY   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


207 


ensued,  in  which  Montcalm  and  Wolfe,  the  two  opposing  gene- 
rals, were  killed,  but  the  French  were  defeated,  and  Canada 
soon  after  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  English. 

9.  Canada  obtained  favorable  terms  from  the  conquerors, 
which  the  English  government  faithfully  kept ;  the  people  were 
allowed  to  enjoy  their  own  laws  and  religion.  In  consequence 
the  old  English  Colonies  were  dissatisfied,  and  this  was  one  of 
the  causes  of  the  American  Revolution,  in  which  Canada  ad- 
hered to  England.  The  Americans  then,  and  in  the  war  of 
1812,  attempted  to  conquer  it,  but  failed.  In  1838,  the  Cana- 
dians themselves  revolted,  but,  after  a  short  time,  peace  was 
restored. 


NOVA  SCOTIA,  NEW  BRUNSWICK,  &o. 

1.  Besides  Canada,  England  possesses  other  colonies,  each 
with  a  separate  government;  these  are.  New  Brunswick,  adjoin- 
ing Maine,  Nova  Scotia,  formerly  called  Acadia,  and  the  Island 
of  Newfoundland.  ,  New  Brunswick  is  a  wooded  country;  Nova 
Scotia  is  fertile,  and  abounds  in  coal;  Newfoundland  is  bleak 
and  desolate. 

2,  The  first  settlement  in  these  parts  was  at  the  mouth  of 
the  St.  Croix,  transferred  to  Port  Royal  by  Dements,  in  1605. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Portrincourt,  under  whom  the  colony  was 
wantonly  broken  up,  in  1613,  by  the  English,  who  also  des- 

at  last  defeated  ?    9.  How  was  Canada  treated  ?    When  did  the  Ameri- 
cans invade  it  ?    When  did  an  insurrection  occur  ? 

,1..  What  other  colonies  has  England?  2.  Where  were  the  first  settle- 
ments made?  When  did  the  English  take  Port  Royal?  What  other 
eettlement  did  they  destroy?    To  whom  did  King  James  grant  the 


i 


"ii 


lill 


i!5 
in 


HI 


:' »(' 


'^n 


208 


FIRST   BOOK   OP   HISTORY. 


i 


troyed  a  Jesuit  missionary  settlement  in  Maine.  Soon  after, 
James  I.  of  England,  granted  Acadia  to  Sir  William  Alexan 
der,  under  the  name  of  Nova  Scotia,  and  the  French  settle- 
ments were  again  broken  up.  The  country  was  restored,  in 
1634,  and  divided  between  three  proprietors,  and  a  civil  war 
ensued  between  two  of  these,  do  la  Tour  and  Charnise,  which 
greatly  retarded  the  colony,  and  enfeebled  it  so,  that  it  was 
again  conquered  by  England,  in  1654.  It  was  restored  in 
1667,  and  for  a  time  remained  a  French  colony  ;  but  after 
repelling  an  invasion  from  Massachusetts,  in  1*704,  was  finally 
conquered  by  Nicholson  iii  1710. 

3.  During  these  changes,  the  poor  colonists  had  suflFered 
greatly,  but  with  the  peace  affairs  began  to  prosper.  In  the 
next  war,  the  French,  who  still  held  Cape  Breton,  attempted  to 
conquer  Nova  Scotia,  but  in  1745,  Louisburg,  with  the  whole 
island  was  taken,  and  the  French  power  destroyed.  The 
English  now  began  to  colonize  the  country;  but  jealous  of  the 
French,  at  last,  in  1755,  with  a  large  force,  seized  all  the 
French  settlers,  to  the  number  of  several  thousand,  and  carried 
them  off  to  various  points,  from  Maryland  to  Georgia,  where 
they  were  landed  penniless,  and  no  remonstrance  or  petition 
ever  obtained  one  farthing  for  the  property  of  which  they  had 
been  deprived.  After  the  American  Revolution  Acadia  was 
divided  into  two  governments.  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Bruns- 
wick, and  remains  so  still. 

4.  Newfoundland  was  discovered  by  Cabot,  in  1407.     The 


country  ?  When  was  it  restored  ?  What  ensued  ?  When  was  the 
country  finally  conquered  by  England  ?  3.  When  was  Louisburg  taken? 
What  infamous  act  was  committed  in  1755?  What  division  wasjn^de 
after  the  Amei'lcan  Revolution?  4.  Who  discovered  Newfoundland? 
Who  began  a  settlement  ?    Who  also  colonized  it  ?       . 


THE  HISTORY  OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


209 


The 


valnable  fisheries  off  the  coast  soon  attracted  vessels,  and  as 
early  as  1517  forty  vessels  were  seen  at  once  there.  The  Eng- 
lish began  a  settlement  in  1610,  and  in  1621  Lord  Baltimore 
began  a  Catholic  colony.  The  French  also  formed  settlements, 
and  at  various  times  attempted  to  reduce  the  island,  but  it  was 
finally  left  in  the  handjs  of  England. 


Gen.  George  Wanlimgton. 


Iklartlia  WatihingtOQ 


THE   UNITED    STATES. 

1.  The  United  States  is  one  of  the  largest  countries  in  the 
world.  It  extends  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  and  is 
bounded  in  the  north  by  the  British  Possessions,  and  on  the 
south  by  the  gulf  and  republic  of  Mexico.     It  is  watered  by 


1.  Describe  the  United  States.    2.  "When  and  by  whom  were  they 

18* 


I 


;) 


210 


FIRST   BOOK   OF    HISTORY. 


the  Teat  river  Mississippi,  which  runs  through  tlie  middle  of 
its  territory,  and  by  other  rivers  flowing  into  the  two  oceans. 
It  has  every  variety  of  soil  and  climate,  and  in  its  mineral  and 
agricultural  products  exceeds  most  others. 

2.  The  United  States  were  not  all  settled  at  the  same  time, 
nor  by  the  same  nation.  In  its  present  state  it  is  composed  of 
colonies  formerly  belonging  to  Spain,  France,  England,  Sweden, 
Holland,  and  a  portion  of  the  republic  of  Mexico.  All  the  ter- 
ritory on  the  Atlantic  once  belonged  to  England,  and  we  shall 
show  the  history  of  the  separate  colonies  till  the  time  when  all 
were  united  under  the  British  rule. 

FLORIDA. 

3.  Florida  was  the  portion  first  settled.  The  Spaniards, 
under  Narvaez  and  de  Soto,  attempted  to  conquer  it,  but  failed. 
Some  French  Protestants  began  a  settlement  there  in  1564, 
under  John  Ribaut,  but  it  was  destroyed  with  great  cruelty  by 
Pedro  Melendez,  who  led  out  a  Spanish  colony  in  the  following 
year.  Melendez,  so  cruel  on  that  occasion,  ^^as  a  naval  com- 
mander, a  man  of  great  energy  and  activity.  He  founded 
St.  Augustine,  and  established  forts  along  the  coast,  from  Flo- 
rida keys  to  the  Chesapeake.  He  was,  however,  recalled  to 
Spain;  in  his  absence  the  French  attacked  one  of  his  forts,  and 
revenged  their  countrymen.  After  his  death  the  colony  sank, 
and  was  much  enfeebled  by  the  ravages  committed  by  the  Eng- 
lish pirate  Francis  Drake.    The  most  interesting  part  of  its 


settled  ?  To  whom  did  all  the  territory  on  the  Atlantic  once  belong  ? 
3.  Who  began  the  first  settlement  in  Florida?  Who  destroyed  it? 
What  did  Melendez  found ?  What  happened  soon  after?  What  was  a 
great  blow  tq  the  colony  ?    What  is  the  most  interesting  part  of  its 


THE  HISTORY  OF   NORTH  AMERICA. 


211 


history  is  the  conversion  of  the  Indian  tribes,  most  of  whom 
were  brought  to  the  light  of  tlie  Gospel  and  civilization. 


VIRGINIA. 

4.  The  English  who  had  explored  all  the  northern  coast, 
under  Cabot,  made  many  attempts  to  settle,  which  all  failed, 
till  1601,  when  a  permanent  colony  was  founded  at  Jamestown, 
It  experienced  much  difficulty  at  first,  but  owing  chiefly  to  the 
abilities  of  Captain  John  Smith,  one  of  the  founders,  soon 
became  firmly  established.  Smith's  life  was  full  of  adventures. 
The  colonists  soon  became  involved  in  wars  with  the  Indians, 
and  Smith  was  once  taken  prisoner,  and  about  to  be  put  to 
death  by  Powhattan,  the  great  Indian  king  or  chief,  but  Poca- 
hontas, the  daughter  of  Powhattan,  interceded  for  him,  and 
saved  his  life.  She  was  always  a  friend  to  the  English,  and 
often  rendered  them  signal  services. 

5,  In  1622,  Opechancanough,  the  successor  of  Powhattan, 
formed  a  conspiracy  to  massacre  the  whites,  and  in  one  day 
cut  off  nearly  one  fourth  of  the  colonists,  A  bloody  war  ensued, 
in  which  the  Indians  were  almost  entirely  destroyed.  Some 
years  after,  a  war  began  with  the  Susquehannas,  which  led  to  a 
civil  war  between  the  Governor  Berkeley  and  a  part  of  the 
settlers  headed  by  Nathaniel  Bacon,  Jamestown,  the  capital, 
was  burnt,  but  on  Bacon's  death,  in  1616,  order  was  restored. 


NEW  YORK. 
6.  In  1614,  the  Dutch,  who  had,  under  Hudson,  discovered 


history?  4.  "Where  was  the  first  Eagllsh  settlement?  Who  was  the 
founder?  Describe  his  narrow  escape  ?  5.  What  was  formed  in  l(i22? 
Wliat  civil  war  occurred  and  what  led  to  it  ?    6.  Who  first  settled  New 


212 


FIRST  BOOK   OF  BISTORT. 


the  North  River,  settled  at  New  York,  whic^h  they  called  New 
Amsterdam,  and  began  the  colony  of  New  Nethoriand,  Uving 
a  commercial  people,  they  traded  in  peace  with  tht  nutives  for 
several  years,  and  had  tradin;^  posts  and  settlements  near  the 
Mohawk,  on  the  Connecticnt,  and  on  Long  Island,  as  well  as 
at  New  York.  They  very  soon  began  to  export  grain  to  other 
colonies,  and  even  formed  a  trading  treaty  with  the  French  in 
Canada.  They  claimed  all  the  country  from  the  Connecticut 
to  the  Delaware. 

7.  In  162T,  the  Swedes,  however,  settled  on  the  Delaware, 
and  in  1C33  the  English  on  the  Connecticut;  these  soci  becrau 
to  give  trouble  to  the  Dutch,  and  in  1G41  a  war  broke  out  wii'u 
the  Indians,  in  which  the  colony  suffered  greatly,  but  most  of 
the  smaller  tribes  were  nearly  destroyed.  Tin;  Dutch  next 
resolved  to  attack  the  Swedes,  and  at  last  Governor  Stuyvesunt 
reduced  them  to  submission,  in  1664.  The  English  now  )>egau 
to  covet  the  part  possessed  by  the  Dutch,  and  in  the  same  year 
Charles  II.,  reviving  an  old  claim,  granted  it  to  his  brother 
James,  duke  of  York,  ^vho  sent  out  an  expedition  which  took 
possession,  and  called  it  New  York;  the  southern  part  was 
granted  to  others,  under  the  name  of  New  Jersey,  and  English 
settlers  flocked  into  both.  The  Dutch  recovered  it  again  in 
1613,  but  surrendered  it  the  following  year 

NEW  ENGLAND. 

8.  After  the  Reformation  in  England,  many  disliked  the 
religion  introduced  by  Somerset,  and  drawing  ofl',  took  the 


York?  Describe  the  Dutch  colony.  7.  ^^'l.<n"i't(' w  the  Del  mc? 
Who  on  the  Connecticut?  What  war  occuntu  in  1641?  Who  reduced 
the  Swedes?     Who  granted  New  Netherlands  to  the  duke  of  York? 


THE   HIiiTORT   or   NORTn  AUKRICA. 


818 


name  of  Separatists.  Under  EliMbeth,  acts  of  conformity 
were  passed  against  them,  and  man/  oniifj^ratcd  to  Holland. 
Not  liking  the  pc'ple,  a  i-unil'fr  subsequently  sailc('  to 
Andcrica,  and  settled  at  Plymouth,  in  Hj'20  Kight  years  aft<?r, 
another  party,  called  Puritan^,  who  had  ulso  left  tli*'  Thureh  't 
England,  came  out  direct,  and  began  at  buleui  the  colony  of 
Massachusetts  Bay. 

9.  These  colonists  were  industrious,  earnest  men,  wh^  suffered 
much,  but  gradually  prospered.  Their  government  w»8  a  kind 
of  republic,  the  chief  power  being  in  the  hands  o(  the  clergy, 
and  church-membership  a  qualification  for  citizenship.  Differ- 
ence of  opinion  and  the  arrival  of  new  leaders  from  Knfiiand  led 
to  separate  and  distant  settlements.  Wintbrop  Hiid  Hooker 
founded  the  colony  of  Hartford,  Eaton  and  Davenport  that  of 
New  fiaven.  Williams  exiled  by  a  judicial  scnti  ijce  for  his 
fanatical  ideas  and  opposition  to  the  Church  system,  founded 
the  colony  of  Providence,  and  a  few  years  after,  Cou  lington,  a 
disciple  of  Mrs.  Hutchinson  after  her  banishment,  began  a 
settlement  on  Rhode  Island,  and  Mr.  Wheelwright,  another  of 
her  disciples,  founded  New  Hampshire. 

10.  The  territory .  now  occupied  by  the  New  Englanders, 
was  inhabited  by  various  Indian  tribes,  the  Massachusttts  and 
Pokanokets  in  Massachusetts,  the  Narragansetts  in  Rhode 
Island,  the  Pequods  and  Mohegans  in  Connecticut.  Their  rela- 
tions with  these  had  been  at  first  friendly,  but  in  1636  tl  o  Pe- 
quods, under  Sassacus,  began  to  cut  off  the  settlers;  war  was 


8.  'Wlio  were  the  Separatists?  What  colony  did  they  found?  Who 
were  the  Puritans?  Where  did  they  settle?  9.  What  was  tiic  charac- 
ter of  these  colonies?  What  led  to  now  colonies?  Which  coloaies  were 
these?    10.  What  Indians  occupied  New  England?    ^Vhich  tribe  began 


214 


FIRST   BOOK    OF   HISTORY. 


declared,  and  in  the  following  year  Captain  Mason  took  their 
fort  at  Mystic,  and  there  and  in  a  subsequent  battle,  killed  over 
a  thousand,  the  rest  were  sold  as  slaves,  and  the  Pequods  auni- 
hilitated. 

11.  The  settlers  were  chiefly  men  of  education,  and  schools 
were  established  from  the  very  first;  in  1638  Harvard  college, 
the  oldest  in  the  United  States,  was  founded.  In  1643  the 
four  colonies  of  Massachusetts,  Plymouth,  Hartford,  and  New 
Haven,  formed  a  union,  under  the  name  of  the  "  United  Colo- 
nies of  New  England  "  for  mutual  defence  and  protection.  No 
danger  required  their  efforts  for  some  time.  The  Indians 
remained  quiet,  and  Elliott  and  other  zealous  men  attempted  to 
convert  and  civilize  them,  but  in  1675  Philip,  chief  of  the  Po- 
kanokets,  attacked  the  settlements,  and  was  soon  joined  by  the 
Narragansetts  and  Springfield  Indians.  Great  ravages  were 
now  committed,  but  after  great  loss  on  both  sides,  the  two 
tribes  were  finally  destroyed. 


MARYLAND. 

12.  From  the  time  of  Henry  YIII.,  except  in  Mary's  short 
reign,  the  English  Catholics  had  been  cruelly  persecuted;  they 
were  deprived  of  their  churches,  colleges  and  convents,  forced 
to  go  to  the  Established  Church,  compelled  to  pay  heavy  fines, 
and  often  put  to  death,  especially  the  clergy.  In  1632  Lord 
Baltimore,  who  had  become  a  Catholic,  resolved  to  found  a 
colony  where  Catholics  might  enjoy  repose.     He  obtained  a 


war?  Where  were  they  defeated?  11.  What  college  was  founded  in 
1638?  What  took  place  in  1643?  What  Indian  war  broke  out  in  1675? 
12.  What  was  the  condition  of  the  English  Catholics  ?  Who  obtained  a 
part  of  Maryland  ?    What  town  was  founded  ?    How  did  they  treat  the 


THE   HISTORY   OF   NORTH  AMERICA. 


215 


grant  of  Maryland,  and  sent  out  a  number  of  settlers  to  whom 
he  granted  most  favorable  conditions.  A  settlement  was  formed 
at  St.  Mary's,  free  toleration  granted  to  all,  peace  was  made 
with  the  Indians,  and  missions  begun  to  convert  and  civilize 
them.  Induced  by  the  freedom  enjoyed  there,  many  Protest- 
ants came  to  the  colony,  but  as  soon  as  they  were  able,  they 
abolished  the  toleration,  and  excluded  Catholics  from  all  rights 
of  citizenship,  and  sent  off  the  missionaries  as  prisoners.  A 
civil  war  raged  in  Maryland  during  the  rule  of  Cromwell,  in 
which  St.  Mary's  was  burnt,  and  great  losses  sustained. 

COLONIES  GENERALLY. 

13.  In  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  the  government  began  to 
attempt  to  remodel  all  the  colonial  governments.  New  Hamp- 
shire was  made  a  royal  province,  and  a  governor  was  appointed 
by  the  king.  Carolina  was  granted  to  Lord  Clarendon  and 
others  who  formed  a  settlement  in  1666,  which  was  at  first 
governed  by  a  constitution  drawn  up  by  the  English  philo- 
sopher John  Locke.  Pennsylvania  wag  granted  to  the  cele- 
brated William  Penn,  who  came  to  America  in  1682,  and  con- 
cluding peace  with  the  Indians,  founded  a  colony  for  which  he 
established  a  wise  and  liberal  government.  Virginia  was 
granted  to  Lord  Culpepper,  but  soon  returned.  A  liberal 
charter  was  granted  by  the  king  to  Connecticut,  and  a  repre- 
sentative assembly  established  by  the  duke  of  York  in  his 


Indians?  What  happened  soon  after  ?  What  occurred  during  the  time 
of  Cromwell  ?  13.  What  attempts  were  made  in  the  reign  of  Charles 
II?  To  whom  was  Carolina  granted?  Describe  its  settlement.  To 
whom  was  Pennsylvania  granted?  Describe  its  settlement.  To  whom 
was  Virginia  granted?    What  was  granted  to  Connecticut?    What  wixs 


216 


FIRST   BOOK  OF  HISTORY. 


1^   ; 


colony  of  New  York,  where  the  first  assembly  passed  a  charter 
of  liberties  granting  free  toleration.  Massachusetts,  on  the 
ground  of  its  violating  the  terms,  was  deprived  of  its  charter, 
and  a  royal  governor  appointed. 

14.  Such  was  the  state  of  the  colonies  when  James  II.  came 
to  the  throne  in  1685.  He  instituted  proceedings  against  Con- 
necticut and  Rhode  Island,  and  removing  Dongan,  the  able 
governor  of  New  York,  appointed  Sir  Edmund  Andross  gov- 
ernor of  New  England  and  New  York.  When  the  revolution 
broke  out  in  England,  Andross  was  arrested  at  Boston,  Nichol- 
son, the  lieutenant-governor,  driven  from  New  York,  where  Jacob 
Leisler,  a  fanatical  leader,  seized  the  government,  and  plunged 
the  colony  into  civil  war,  leaving  it  exposed  to  Indian  invasion. 
The  other  colonies  submitted  quietly  to  the  new  order  of  things. 

15.  The  accession  of  William  III.  led  to  a  war  with  France, 
and  for  the  first  time  Canada  was  arrayed  against  the  English 
colonies.  The  Indians  in  her  service  ravaged  the  English 
frontier.  Maine  was  then  inhabited  by  the  Abnakis  converts 
of  the  French  missionaries  who  had  their  own  wrongs  to 
avenge;  they  began  by  taking  Dover  and  Pemaquid,  Salmon 
Falls  and  Casco,  while  the  Canada  Indians,  who  had  been  perse- 
cuted by  the  Pagans  in  New  York,  attacked  Schenectady. 
New  England  and  New  York  prepared  to  retaliate;  Nova 
Scotia  was  taken  by  Phipps,  who  was  then  sent  around  to 
attack  Quebec,  while  an  army  from  New  York  marched  north 
to  aid  him,  but  the  army  wasted  by  disease  and  Phipps  was  re- 
pulsed. 


granted  to  New  York?  What  colony  was  deprived  of  its  charter? 
14.  What  occurred  in  New  York  in  1G89?  15.  To  what  did  William's 
accession    lead?     Descriuc    the  war.     What  was    done    by  Phipps? 


i    i 
t    1 


THE    HISTORY    OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


817 


charter 
on  the 
jharter, 

I.  came 

ist  Con- 
he  able 
)SS  gov- 
volution 
Nichol- 
•e  Jacob 
plunged 
nvasion. 
f  things. 
France, 
English 
English 
converts 
•ongs  to 
Salmon 
en  perse- 
inectady. 
3 ;   Nova 
round  to 
ed  north 
s  was  re- 


I 


16.  In  1691  Lord  Baltimore  and  William  Penn  were  de- 
prived of  their  rights  as  proprietors,  end  William  not  only 
refused  to  restore  Massachusetts  her  charter,  but  united  it 
with  Plymouth,  Maine  and  Nova  Scotia  into  one  government, 
so  that  the  American  colonies,  who  had  been  so  eager  to  reject 
James,  lost  instead  of  gaining  by  the  change.  The  next  year 
witnessed  the  beginning  of  the  witch  mania  in  New  England, 
in  which  many  were  put  to  death. 

17.  Under  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne  the  war  of  the  Spanish 
succession  began,  which  involved  England  in  war  with  France 
and  Spain,  and  America  was  again  the  scene  of  hostilities. 
The  Canada  Indians  and  those  of  New  York  agreed  to  neu- 
trality, although  Bellamont,  governor  of  New  York  and  Mas- 
sachusetts, passed  acts  to  imprison  every  Catholic  missionary 
found  among  the  Indians.  Their  whole  force  was  tun.  jd  on 
New  England  and  the  frontiers  were  fearfully  ravaged.  In 
the  south  Governor  Moore,  of  Carolina,  in  1702  attacked  St. 
Augustine  by  land  and  water,  but  being  alarmed  by  the 
approach  of  a  Spanish  fleet  retired  in  confusion,  and  then,  to  re- 
deem his  credit,  marched  into  what  is  now  Georgia,  destroyed 
a  number  of  towns  of  the  Apalaches,  killed  their  missionaries, 
and  sold  great  numbers  of  their  converts  as  slaves.  In  conse- 
quence of  this,  the  French  and  Spaniards,  in  1706,  attacked 
Charleston. 

18.  In  1707  Massachusetts  attacked  Port  Royal,  but  failed; 
but  in   1710  Nova  Scotia  was  finally  reduced.     During  the 


3  charter? 

"William's 

J  Phipps? 


in.  What  was  WiUlam's  conduct  to  Baltimore,  Penn,  and  the  colony 
of  Massachusetts?  How  does  he  compare  with  James?  17.  What  oc- 
curred in  the  reign  of  Queen  Auue?  What  took  place  in  the  nortli  ? 
What  took  place  in  the  south  ?     18.  What  operations  took  place  after 

1» 


218 


FIRST    BOOK    OF    HISTORY. 


I., 


h 


I! 


it 


4  '» 

'  t 

{: 

i; 

<i 
( . 

} ; 


II 


Ir 


following  year  New  Enj^land  and  New  York  again  combined 
to  attack  Canada,  but  the  fleet  was  lost  in  the  St.  Lawrence, 
and  the  land  army  returned  to  New  York:  and  when  at  last 
peace  was  restored  in  1713,  the  position  of  the  two  colonies  had 
scarcely  changed. 

19.  Just  before  the  close  of  this  war  the  Indians  in  North 
Carolina  grew  jealous,  and  resolved  to  cut  off  the  whites;  the 
Tuscaroras  began  the  work  of  blood  in  1*111,  but  the  whites 
soon  defeated  them  in  several  engagements,  took  their  forts, 
and  drove  them  out  of  the  colony,  on  which  many  removed  to 
New  York.  This  war  was  scarcely  over  when  the  Indians  of 
South  Carolina,  headed,  by  the  Yamassees,  made  a  similar 
attempt,  but  were  defeated  by  Governor  Craven,  and  driven 
Into  Florida, 

20.  For  some  years  the  colonies  enjoyed  great  peace:  in 
1120  Carolina  became  a  royal  province,  and  some  years  after 
was  finally  separated  into  two  distinct  colonies,  and  three  years 
after,  a  part  of  the  territory,  claimed  also  by  Spain,  was 
granted  to  General  Oglethorpe,  who  founded  the  colony  of 
Georgia,  as  a  refuge  for  poor  debtors.  He  was  an  energetic 
man,  and  by  his  offers  drew  many  emigrants  to  the  colony.  A  war 
with  Spain  was  evidently  approaching,  and  he  built  forts  to 
defend  his  new  state,  and  in  1139  invaded  Florida,  and  laid 
siege  to  St.  Augustine.  At  the  same  time  he  wrote  letters  to 
the  governors  of  other  colonies,  warning  them  against  Spanish 


tliis  in  tho  north?  How  did  tho  two  powers  remain  at  the  peace  of 
Utrecht?  19.  Wliat  occurred  in  North  Carolina  during:  and  after  the 
war?  20.  When  did  Carolina  become  a  royal  province?  Give  the 
early  history  of  Ccorgia.  "Wlnit  operations  took  place  in  ITOli?  In 
what  war  was  it  soon  involved?    What  evil  was  done  by  a  silly  letter 


i 


.  II 


THE   HISTORY   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


219 


combined 
iiiwrence, 
n  at  last 
oiiics  had 

in  North 
liites;  the 
\ie  whites 
leir  forts, 
moved  to 
Indians  of 

a  similar 
nd  driven 

peace:  in 

ii^ears  after 

hree  years 

pain,  was 

colony  of 

energetic 

ly.  A  war 

t  forts  to 

and  laid 

letters  to 

st  Spanish 


priests  in  disguise.  When  one  reached  New  York  the  city  was 
in  an  excitement,  caused  by  several  fires  and  the  belief  of  a 
negro  plot ;  a  schoolmaster  was  arrested  as  a  priest,  tried, 
most  unjustly  convicted,  and  hung.  Soon  after,  the  Spaniards 
attacked  Georgia,  but  were  repulsed  by  a  stratagem  of  Ogle- 
thorpe. 

21.  In  1144  a  war  broke  out  with  France,  and  New  Eng- 
land troops,  under  Colonel  Pepperel,  took  the  strong  fortress 
of  Louisburg,  the  Gibraltar  of  America,  but  the  peace  of  x 
la  Chapelle  put  an  end  to  the  war  in  1148.  In  less  than  two 
years,  however,  the  English  and  French  came  into  collision  on 
the  Ohio.  War  ensued.  A  general  union  of  the  colonies  was 
proposed,  and  a  large  force  sent  over  under  General  Braddock. 

22.  In  this  war  the  English  arms  were  at  first  disastrous. 
Braddock  and  his  army  were  cut  to  pieces  on  the  Ohio,  and 
tiirough  the  French,  under  Direskau,  were  repulsed  with  loss,  yet 
they  held  all  their  posts.  After  this  they  took  Oswego  and 
Fort  William  Henry,  and  defeated  Abercrombie  at  Ticondcroga, 
but  then  their  success  ceased.  Their  forts  at  Pittsl)urg,  Nia- 
gara and  Kingston  were  taken.  Wolfe  led  an  army  against 
Quebec,  and  having,  by  a  stratagem,  gained  the  heiglits,  gave 
the  French  battle;  and  though  he  and  Montcalm,  the  French 
general,  were  killed,  the  English  were  victorious,  took  Quebec, 
and  an  army  from  New  York  soon  after  completed  the  conquest 
of  Canada. 


le  peace  of 

id  after  the 

Give  the 

170(i  ?    In 

silly  letter 


of  Oglethorpe's?  How  did  his  contest  with  Florida  end?  21.  When 
did  war  break  out  with  France?  What  fortress  was  taken?  Where  did 
hoirtilities  begin  after  the  peace  of  1748?  22.  What  was  the  fortune  of 
tlie  British  arms  in  the  war?    What  forts  did  the  French  finally  lose? 


r 


(* 


li 


220 


FIRST   BOOK    OF   HISTORY. 


.     LOUISIANA. 

23.  After  La  Salle  had  explored  the  Mississippi  he  erected 
a  fort  in  Illinois  and  Tonty,  another  in  Arkansas.  The  death 
of  La  Salle  in  Texas,  where  he  had  been  unfortunately  driven, 
checked  colonization,  but  in  1699  the  Canadian,  Iberville, 
entered  the  river  Mississippi,  and  began  a  settlement  at  Mo- 
bile, New  Orleans  was  afterwards  founded,  and  posts  formed 
at  Natchez  and  Yazoo. 

24.  This  new  colony  was  called  Louisiana:  and  the  great 
speculator,  John  Law,  formed,  in  IT  16,  a  gigantic  plan  for  its 
settlement,  which  ruined  all  who  embarked  in  it,  and  greatly 
retarded  the  progress  of  Louisiana.  The  early  history  of  the 
colony  is  extremely  interesting:  in  1718  it  was  involved  in  a 
war  between  France  and  Spain,  and  several  engagements  took 
place,  in  which  Pensacola  was  taken  and  retaken.  In  1722 
the  Indians,  hitherto  friendly,  began  hostilities,  but  were  soon 
appeased;  in  1729,  however,  the  Natchez,  roused  by  the  tyran- 
nical conduct  of  a  French  officer,  massacred  all  the  French  at 
their  post.  A  general  war  ensued,  the  Natchez  were  destroyed, 
but  the  French,  in  an  expedition  against  the  Chickasaws,  were 
totally  defeated.  In  the  war  with  England  this  colony  took 
no  part. 


Where  was  their  power  completely  overthrown?  23.  Where  were  foxts 
erected  by  La  Sallo  an.l  Tonty  ?  Who  entered  the  Mississippi  and 
founded  Moliile?  What  oilier  settlements  were  hegun?  24.  AVho 
formed  a  plan  for  colonizing  Louisiana?  In  what  war  was  it  involved? 
When  did  Indian  wars  begin?    What  part  did  it  take  in  the  war  with 


i 


THE    HISTORY    OF    NOltTlI    AMKUICA. 


221 


3  erected 
he  death 
y  driven, 
Iberville, 
t  at  Mo- 
ts formed 

he  c:reat 
an  for  its 
I  greatly 
ry  of  the 
ved  in  a 
ents  took 
In  1722 
reve  Kooti 
he  tyran- 
^rench  at 
estroyed, 
nvs,  were 
lony  took 


were  forts 
(jsippi  and 
24.  Who 
,  involved? 
e  war  with 


THE    VARIOUS    COLONIES. 

25.  By  the  treaty  of  Taris,  in  Hi.  ,  France  ceded  to  England 
not  only  Canada,  bnt  all  her  territory  west  of  the  Mississippi, 
except  the  island  of  New  Orleans,  and  at  the  same  time  ceded  to 
Spain  all  her  territory  west  of  that  river,  and  completely  aban- 
doned all  her  possessions  in  North  America.  The  whole  conti- 
nent was  then  owned  by  England  and  Spain,  whose  territories 
were  separated  by  the  Mississi[)pi  river:  for  Spain  ceded  to 
England  her  province  of  Florida,  in  exchange  for  Havana, 
which  the  English  had  taken  in  the  war. 

2G.  In  both  these  colonics  great  dissatisfaction  now  prevailed: 
the  French  of  Louisiana  were  not  disposed  to  bow  to  the 
Spanish  yoke.  A  plan  for  adopting  a  republic  was  formed,  and 
the  first  Si)anish  governor  never  ventured  to  show  his  commis- 
sion, and  was  at  last  driven  out:  but  his  successor,  O'llcilly, 
entered  with  a  large  military  force,  and  arresting  the  republican 
leaders,  condemned  several  to  death,  and  sent  others  to  Cuba. 
On  this  the, whole  colony  submitted,  and  under  the  S[)anish 
rule  enjoyed  great  prosperity. 

27.  In  the  English  possessions  the  French  in  Canada  had 
obtained  several  privileges,  the  enjoyment  of  tlieir  own  religion 
and  laws;  this  excited  great  discontent  in  the  former  English 
colonies,  who  had  always  desired  the  conquest  of  Canada  to 


England?  25.  What  did  Franco  code  to  England  in  17(i3?  What  to 
Spain?  What  was  now  the  boundary  lictweon  tlio  Engli^^Ii  and  Spanish 
terrifory?  How  came  England  to  obtain  Florida?  2<;.  Wiiat  was  the 
state  of  feeling  in  the.se  colonies?  Wliat  did  (lie  Frencli  of  Louisiana 
attempt?  Who  subdued  them?  27.  AVliut  had  Canada  obtfined? 
What  causes  of  dissatisfaction  prevailed  in  the  other  English  colonies? 

I'J* 


222 


FIRST   BOOK    OF   HISTORY. 


abolish  both.  When,  besides  this,  parliament  attempted  to 
tax  tiiem,  to  meet  the  heavy  debt  incurred  by  the  war,  the 
colonies  who  had  already  borne  their  part  protested,  and  an 
Indian  conspiracy,  headed  by  Pontiac,  laid  the  whole  western 
frontier  in  ruin,  requiring  new  outlays  by  the  colonial  govern- 
ments. 

28.  Parliament,  however,  persisted,  and  in  1165  passed  the 
stamp  act,  laying  a  duty  on  all  paper  used  in  public  documetits. 
Great  troubles  ensued,  but  the  next  year  parliament  repealed 
the  obnoxious  act.  The  principle  was  not,  however,  aban- 
doned, for  in  1167  a  duty  was  laid  on  tea  and  some  other 
articles.  This  renewed  the  excitement ;  Boston  was  garrisoned, 
a  riot  took  place  there,  and  blood  was  shed.  The  cargoes  of 
tea  that  arrived  were  thrown  overboard,  and  a  determined 
spirit  of  hostility  was  evinced. 

29.  The  colonial  governments  were  now  generally  suspended, 
and  a  congress  composed  of  delegates  from  the  various  colonies, 
met  at  Philadelphia,  and  drew  up  a  bill  of  rights  and  a  petition 
to  the  king.  In  each  colony  provincial  congresses  were  formed, 
to  supply  the  place  of  their  late  assemblies,  and  arms  began  to 
be  collected.  General  Gage,  the  British  commander  at  Boston, 
attempted  to  seize  some  of  these  magazines,  and  in  April,  1715, 
sent  a  body  of  troops  to  Concord.  These  were  opposed  at 
Lexington,  by  some  militia,  whom  they  defeated,  and  proceeded 
to  Concord,  but  on  their  way  back  to  Boston  lost  nearly  one 
third  of  their  force. 


28.  How  dill  parliament  act?  What  ensued?  What  act  passed  in 
1767  ?  What  did  the  people  of  Boston  do  with  the  tea  ?  29.  What  were 
now  suspended?  What  mot  at  Philadelphia?  What  were  formed  in 
the  colonies  ?    What  led  to  the  first  battle  ?    30.  What  was  the  effect  of 


mptcd  to 
war,  the 
I,  and  an 
e  western 
il  govcrn- 

>assed  tlie 
ocuraeiits. 
t  repealed 
er,  abau- 
)me  other 
arrisoned, 
argoes  of 
etermined 

uspended, 
;  colonies, 
a  petition 
e  formed, 
began  to 
t  Boston, 

i'ii,  ms, 

posed  at 
)roceeded 
early  one 


passed  in 
Wbat  were 
formed  in 
le  elFoct  of 


THK    IlISTORV    OK    NORTH    AMKRICA. 


223 


r— ^ 


Washingtou'd  Head  QuarU-vs,  Ntwburgh. 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


30.  The  news  of  the  fight  at  Lexington  spread  through  the 
conntry,  all  rose  iu  arras,  and  Boston,  where  the  British  army 
lay,  was  soon  surrounded  by  troops.  General  Gage  at  last 
determined  to  oj)en  his  way  into  the  country,  but  the  Americans 
kept  advancing  their  posts,  and  in  June  occupied  Bunker's 
Hill.  The  English  resolved  to  drive  them  back;  and  after  a 
bloody  battle,  in  which  the  English  lost  a  thousand  men,  the 
Americans  fell  back,  but  still  kei)t  every  avenue  to  the  interior 
closed.  Almost  at  the  same  time  a  small  detachment  seized 
Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point,  two  important  posts  on  Lake 
Charaplain. 

3L  Congress  now  resolved  to  act  energetically:  it  organized 


the  news  of  the  battle  ?  Wbat  battle  took  place  near  Boston  ?  Did 
Gage  succeed  in  breaking  the  American  line?  AVhat  forts  were  taken 
by  the  Americans?  31.  What  step  did  Congress  now  take?  Who  wiis 
appointed  commander-in-chief?    What  expedition  was  planned?    Do- 


I 


224 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTOKY. 


Dec.  31,  1775. 


an  army,  and  appointed  George  Washington  Commander-in- 
Chief,  and  he  at  once  proceeded  to  Boston.  The  reduction  of 
Canada,  always  a  main  idea  with  the  colonists,  first  engaged 
attention:  an  expedition  from  New  York  and  one  from  New 
England  were  to  cooperate :  they  met  before  Quebec,  and 
though  enfeebled  by  disease  and  want,  resolved  to  attack  it, 
but  Montgomery,  the  Commander,  was  killed, 
and  Arnold,  the  second  in  command,  wounded. 
The  expedition  totally  failed,  and  Canada  never  took  any  part 
in  the  subsequent  acts  of  the  Americans. 

32.  Washington  meanwhile  continued  the  blockade  of  Boston, 
and  at  last  pushed  his  lines  so  near  that  viage  had  either  to 
fight  or  leave  Boston,  and  accordingly  sailed  away.  A  British 
fleet  then  attacked  Charleston,  in  South  Carolina,  and  thus 
united  all  parts  of  the  country  in  the  common  cause.  After 
entering  Boston  Washington  withdrew,  and  with  his  army 
occupied  New  York,  a  key-position  in  the  country. 

33.  Congress  now  despairing  of  any  real  concessions  on  tho 
part  of  the  English  government ,  resolved  to  take  a  step  not  at 
first  premeditated,  and  on  the  4th  of  July,  1776,  passed  a 
Declaration  of  Independence,  and  the  several  states  assumed 
the  powers  of  independent  governments,  united  by  articles  of 
confederation.  The  English  force,  foiled  at  Charleston,  sailed 
for  New  York,  and  there  met  large  reinforcements  from  Eng- 
land. Washington,  to  defend  the  city,  met  them  on  Long 
Island,  but  his  best  division  was  hemmed  in  and  cut  to  pieces, 
and  drawing  in  all  his  troops,  he  retreated  from  New  York, 


scribe  the  Canada  campaign.  32.  How  did  the  blockade  of  Boston 
end?  Where  did  tlie  British  then  go?  What  city  did  Washington  oc- 
cupy? 33.  What  step  did  Congress  now  tsxkc?  On  what  city  did  the 
English  now  move  ?    Where  was  a  battle  fought  ?    Describe  Washing- 


I 


nandcr-in- 
luctioii  of 
;  engaged 
rom  Now 
ebec,  and 
attack  it, 
^as  killed, 
wounded. 
i.  any  part 

of  Boston, 

1  either  to 

A  British 

and  tlms 
se.    After 

his  army 


ns  on  tho 

ep  not  at 

passed  a 

assumed 

irticles  of 

ton,  sailed 

rom  Eng- 

on  Long 

to  pieces, 

I^ew  York, 


of  Boston 
lington  oc- 
;ity  did  the 
e  Washing- 


THK    lUSTOUY    OF    NORTH    AMKKlt  A, 


2-' 


closely  pursued  by  General  Howe;  and  avoiding  a  general 
engngement,  crossed  the  Hudson,  and  traversed  New  Jersey, 
into  Pennsylvania. 

34,  Tlie  English  commander  then  gave  up  the  pursuit,  and 
posting  troops  at  various  points,  returned  to  IS'ew  York, 
Washington  seized  the  moment,  recrossed  the  Delaware  on 
Christmas  day,  and  surprised  the  whole  British  and  ITessian 
force  at  Trenton.  Lord  Cornwallis  was  sent  to  check  him, 
but  Washington  passed  his  main  body,  attacked  a  detachment 
in  the  rear,  defeated  it,  and  surprised  tho  post  of  Princeton. 
Encouraged  by  this  success,  he  soon  recovered  all  the  posts 
held  by  the  English  in  Jersey,  and  established  his  fame  as  an 
able  general. 

35.  Regular  articles  of  confederation  were  now  adopted,  tho 
title  of  United  States  of  America  was  assumed,  ambassadors 
Rent  to  France,  and  almost  unlimited  ])Owers  conferred  on 
General  Washington.  In  France  great  enthusiasm  was  e.xcited, 
and  several  persons  of  distinction  at  once  came  over,  among 
them  the  Marquis  de  la  Fayette,  Baron  De  Kalb,  and  others. 

3G.  At  this  period  of  the  war  Canada  was  in  the  hands  of 
the  liJnglish,  who  were  also  in  possession  of  the  city  of  New 
York:  between  these  lay  an  American  army  under  General 
Schuyler.  The  English  determined  to  destro_  'lis,  and  at  the 
same  time  bring  Washington  to  action,  and  talvu  JMiiladeli)hia. 
General  Burgoyne  was  sent  to  Canada,  and  entered  New  York 
to  cooperate  with  the  Six  Nations,  who  had  joined  the  English 

■---      ■  ......  ■  .-     ..  ...  .  -■    ■  .   .   -y       ■  --  I      i» 

ton's  rotroat?  34.  What  advantage  did  Washington  gain  in  Docombor? 
Doscribo  tlic  sut)scquent  campaign  in  Jersey?  8.").  What  were  now 
adopted  by  the  States?  To  what  country  were  ambassadors  sent?  Wlio 
came  to  the  United  States?  36.  What  did  tho  English  now  attempt? 
Who  was  sent  from  Canada  ?    How  did  Schuyler  act  ?    What  was  tiio 


226 


FIRST    BOOK    OF   HISTORY. 


I- 


side.  As  ho  advanced  Sclmylcr  cautiously  fell  bock,  in  order 
to  draw  Burgoyne  to  a  favorable  ground,  and  had  made  all 
preparations  for  the  decisive  struggle  at  Saratoga,  when  ho 
was  superseded  by  General  Gates.  Burgoyne  was  now  in  tho 
heart  of  a  hostile  country:  two  detachments,  sent  to  secure 
Btorcs,  had  been  defeated  at  Bennington,  the  Americans  lay  in 
force  before  him.  In  a  series  of  engagements  he  attempted  to 
breok  through  their  line,  till,  baffled  at  every  point,  he  began 
to  retreat,  but  failing  in  this,  surrendered  October  17,  1771. 
By  this  capitulation  six  thousand  men,  with  arms  of  every  kind, 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Americans. 

37.  General  Howe  had  sailed  in  July  for  Chesapeake  Bay, 
and  in  August  advanced  on  Philadelphia.  Washington  met 
him  at  the  Brandywine,  but  was  defeated  and  fell  back  to 
Philadelphia,  which  the  English  soon  occupied,  stationing  their 
main  body  at  Germantown.  Hero  "Washington  endeavored  to 
surprise  them,  but  failed,  being  re])ulsed  witii  considerable  loss. 
Attempts  to  cut  off  English  communication  by  sea  also  failed, 
and  the  American  army  was  in  a  state  of  great  suffering. 

38.  France  now  made  a  treaty  with  the  United  States,  and 
prepared  for  war  with  England,  and  sent  a  fleet  to  America. 
On  this,  Clinton  abandoned  Philadelphia  and  fell  back  on  New 
York,  after  being  severely  handled  by  Washington  at  Mon- 
mouth.    After  this  the  war  in  the  north  and  south  assumed  a 

result  of  the  campaign?  37.  How  did  Howe  proceed  against  Philadel- 
phia? Wliero  did  Washington  give  him  l)attle?  Willi  what  success? 
AVhat  attempt  did  Washington  make  to  recover  the  city?  What  was  the 
state  of  the  American  army?  38.  What  country  now  made  a  treaty 
with  the  United  States?  What  effect  hud  this  on  the  English  ?  Wiien; 
did  Washington  give  them  a  severe  handling?  AVhat  character  did  the 
war  iissume?    What  happened  to  Gates  and  his  army  in  the  south? 


,  I  t 


TIIK    niST<»Hy    (»K    NORTH    AMKUICA, 


237 


juTtliifory  rlmnictor,  niul  j^rciit  cniclties  and  ()ulrim;('s  wrr(*  |um*- 
p('trat(.'(l  l)y  the  liidimis  anil  Torit'S.  In  tin;  south  tin'  Miiiilish 
friiined  ^reat  a<lviintau:c'S,  nnd  took  Siivanimh  and  Charhston. 
General  (Jatcs  was  accord  in  jfly  Hcnt  down,  litit  havinif  rashly 
cnjra<rcd  the  enemy  at  Camden,  lie  was  defi-ated  witli  the  h)s.s 
of  2000  men,  araonj,'  them  the  {jfaiiant  and  excellent  general  De 
Kail). 

39.  The  defeat  at  Camden  left  the  American  cans(>  in  uJuDni, 
but  Marion,  Sumter,  and  other  jtnrti/.an  ollicers,  I),  petty  victo- 
ries, soon  ffreatly  weakened  the  British  j)ower,  and  when  (Jreeii(« 
took  the  connnand  of  the  southern  arnjy,  he  checked  Cornwidlis 
in  several  battles,  and  at  last  compelled  him  to  retir«!  into  Vir- 
ginia, wliere  he  took  up  a  position  near  enough  to  tho  sea  to  be 
able  to  escape. 

40.  A  French  army,  under  Rochambenu,  now  arrived,  and 
Washington  with  him  concerted  a  |>lan  of  action.  Sir  Henry 
Clinton,  unable  to  tell  whether  they  would  attack  him  in  New 
York,  or  Cornwallis  in  Virginia,  ordered  the  latter  to  hold  him- 
self in  rcndiness,  Washington  finally  induced  him  to  Ijelieve 
New  York  the  point  of  attack,  but  man-hed  siuldeidy  down  to 
Virginia,  and  reached  it  the  very  day  the  French  entered  the 
Chesapeake.  Cornwallis  was  surrounded,  and  after  a  vain 
attempt  to  escape,  finding  that  his  outposts  were  carried  by  the 
American  troops  and  defence  inipossible,  surrendered  ou  the 
19th  of  October,  1181,  This  ended  the  war,  peace  was  made 
the  next  year,  and  by  the  treaty  of  Paris,  in  1783,  England 
acknowledged  the  independence  of  the  United  States. 


39.  Who  maintained  tho  Aniorican  cause  in  tho  south?  Who  finally 
checked  tho  En<rlish  and  drove  them  into  Virf^inia?  40.  What  now 
perplexed  the  Englisli  ?  On  wliicli  army  did  the  French  and  Ainerieans 
turn?     Describe    the    campaign.     When    did   Cornwallis    surrender? 


■jtk 


^' 


ti 


■J:  1 

5i* 


228 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


!  I 


41.  By  this  treaty  England  retained  Canada,  Nova  Scotia, 
Newfoundland,  and  all  her  possessions  to  the  north.  Florida 
was  ceded  back  to  Spain,  and  all  the  rest  of  her  colonies, 
became  a  new  republic,  called  the  United  States  of  America, 
consisting  of  thirteen  distinct  states,  New  Hampshire,  Massa- 
chusetts, Connecticut,  Khode  Island,  New  York,  New  Jersey, 
Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Maryland,  Virginia,  North  and  South 
Carolina,  and  Georgia.  These  states  were  connected  by  arti- 
cles of  confederation,  but  a  new  government  was  formed,  and  a 
constitution  adopted  which  left  each  state  its  own  sovereign 
rights,  but  vested  in  a  president  and  congress  certain  speciiic 
powers  for  the  general  good. 

42.  Washington  was  elected  the  first  president,  and  under 
him  this  new  government  was  put  into  operation  with  great 
success.  Emigration  from  Europe  facilitated  the  settlement  of 
the  parts  beyond  the  Alleghany,  and  during  his  administration 
Vermont,  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee  were  admitted  into  the 
Union,  and  in  the  administration  of  Thomas  Jefferson,  who  took 
his  seat  in  1801,  Ohio  was  admitted,  and  Louisiana,  which  had 
been  ceded  back  to  France,  was  purchased,  and  thus  gave  the 
republic  the  whole  country  west  to  the  Pacific.  During  his 
time,  too,  America,  whose  vessels  had  been  plundered  by  Bar- 
bary  cruizers,  won  the  respect  of  Europe  by  her  chastisement 
of  those  piratical  nations. 

43.  During  the   administration  of  James  Madison,   which 

When  was  peace  made  ?  41.  What  did  England  retain  ?  What  did  she 
restore  to  Spain?  What  did  the  rest  become?  Name  the  States.  What 
was  the  government  soon  formed?  42.  Who  was  first  president?  What 
happened  in  his  administration?  What  occurred  under  Jefferson? 
43.  What  occurred  under  Madison  ?  Who  began  an  Indian  war?  Where 
was  the  war  at  first  carried  on  ?    Where  were  naval  battles  fought  ? 


THE   HISTORY   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


229 


began  in  1809,  the  troubles  with  England  resulted  in  war,  and 
at  the  same  time  the  Indians  in  the  north-west,  instigated  by 
the  English,  and  led  by  the  famous  Tecumseh,  began  a  war  of 
extermination.  In  this  war  the  engagements  were  chiefly  on 
the  Canada  frontier,  Detroit  was  taken  by  the  English,  but  the 
Americans  in  turn  entered  Canada,  yet  after  several  bloody 
and  inefficient  battles,  both  parties  remained  in  their  original 
position.  Several  naval  engagements  took  place,  in  most  cases 
favorable  to  the  Americans,  both  on  the  Atlantic  and  the 
lakes. 

44.  Besides  these  attacks  in  the  north,  the  English  entered 
the  Chesapeake,  and  advancing  to  Washington,  disgraced  them- 
selves by  burning  the  public  buildings,  but  were  repulsed  at 
Baltimore.  Another  force  landed  near  New  Orleans,  but 
General  Jackson  had  taken  post  before  the  city,  and  defeated 
the  English  with  terrible  loss.  Before  this,  peace  had  been 
signed  with  England,  and  as  Tecumseh  had  fallen  in  Canada, 
the  Indians  submitted. 

45.  During  Madison's  administration,  Louisiana  was  admitted 
as  a  state;  under  his  successor  Monroe,  Florida  was  purchased 
of  Spain,  and  Indiana  and  Mississippi  admitted  as  states,  fol- 
lowed soon  after  by  Alabama,  Maine,  and  Missouri.  On  the 
4th  of  March,  1829,  Andrew  Jackson  became  president.  In  his 
period,  for  the  first  time,  a  state.  South  Carolina,  wished  to 
renounce  the  federal  compact,  but  Jackson,  by  threats  of  force, 
compelled  submission  to  the  laws  of  congress.  A  war  soon 
after  began  with  the  Seminole  Indians,  which  was  long  a  source 
of  trouble. 

44.  Where  did  the  Eiifrlish  land  on  the  Atlantic  ?  Wliat  disgracoful  act 
did  they  perpetrate?  Where  were  they  compU>tely  defeated  by  Jacksuri? 

45.  What  states  were  admitted  under  ^fadison  and  Monroe?      Wiiat 

20 


IS 

I 


I 


.  I 


I 


i 


\  I 


;i 


230 


FIRST   BOOK   OF  HISTORY. 


46.  The  ensuiug  administrations  were  marked  by  no  impor- 
tant events.  In  1845,  John  Tyler  being  president,  an  act  was 
passed  to  annex  the  republic  of  Texas;  and  as  James  K.  Polk 
soon  after  ascei\ded  the  presidental  chair,  it  devolved  on  him 
to  settle  the  questions  which  arose  between  the  United  States 
and  Mexico.  Hostilities  began,  and  war  ensued.  The  Ameri- 
cans acted  with  great  vigor.  General  Taylor  advanced  through 
Texas  to  Monterey,  which  he  stormed,  General  Kearney  took 
Santa  Fe  and  New  Mexico,  Colonel  Fremont  and  Commodore 
Stockton  took  CaUfornia.  The  Mexicans  marched  with  a  supe- 
rior force  on  Taylor,  who  fell  back  to  Buena  Yista,  but  there 
gained  a  signal  victory  over  Santa  Anna. 

41.  Another  American  army,  under  General  Scott,  now 
appeared  before  Vera  Cruz,  took  it,  and  advanced  on  the 
capital.  Santa  Anna  met  them  at  Cerro  Gordo,  but  defeated 
there,  fell  back  to  some  strong  posts,  near  Mexico.  Scott  again 
advanced,  stormed  these  posts,  and  at  last,  on  the  14  th  of  Sep- 
tember, 1847,  entered  Mexico.  Peace  was  soon  after  signed, 
and  Mexico  resigned  California  and  New  Mexico  to  the 
Americans.  Settlers  soon  proceeded  to  these  parts,  and  the 
discovery  of  immense  gold-beds  in  California  drew  thousands 
there.  In  a  short  time  it  was  made  a  state;  Utah  was  formed 
into  a  territory,  and  colonized  by  the  Mormons,  a  religious  sect, 
who  had  been  driven  from  Illinois. 

48.  At  present  the  United  States  comprize  thirty-one  states, 
one  district  and  eight  territories,  with  a  population  of  twenty- 
occurred  under  Jackson  ?  What  Indian  war  bcgrn  ?  4G.  What  took 
place  towards  the  close  of  Tyler's  administration  ?  What  war  followed 
under  Tolk?  What  armies  were  sent  into  Mexico?  Describe  Taylor's 
campaigns.  47.  Where  did  Scott  land  ?  Describe  his  advance  to  Mexico. 
What  treaty  followed?    What  was  ceded  to  the  United  States?    What 


THE   HISTORY   OF    NORTH   AMERICA. 


231 


no  iinpor- 
n  act  was 
3  K.  Polk 
ed  on  him 
;ed  States 
le  Ameri- 
1  through 
rney  took 
)mmodore 
th  a  supe- 
but  there 

jott,  now 
1  on  the 
t  defeated 
:ott  again 
h  of  Scp- 
er  signed, 
0  to  the 
and  the 
thousands 
as  formed 
'ious  sect, 

ne  states, 
f  tvvcnty- 

iVhat  took 
r  followed 
»e  Taylor's 
to  Mexico. 
38  ?    A\hat 


five  millions.  The  whole  country  is  covered  with  railroads, 
canals,  and  telegraphs,  and  every  other  means  for  conveying 
passengers  or  information.  No  country  in  ancient  or  modern 
times  has  had  similar  progress  or  gives  an  example  of  such 
industry,  activity,  plenty  and  happiness.  The  laws  are  made 
for  the  general  good,  and  in  most  states  all  enjoy  the  same 
privileges. 

49.  The  only  question  likely  to  disturb  the  peace  of  the 
country  is  that  of  slavery,  con'orning  which  violent  discussions 
took  place  in  Congress  in  1854,  on  the  'ill  organizing  Nebraska 
and  Kanzas  Territories;  but  no  danger  can  result  if  people 
refuse  to  listen  to  hot  and  excited  demagogues  who  appeal  to 
their  passions  and  are  ever  ready  to  condemn  their  neighbors. 

50.  Since  the  organization  of  the  republic,  the  presidential 
chair  has  been  filled  by  fourteen  individuals,  namely, — 


1.  George  Washington  of  Virginia, 

2.  John  Adams  of  Massachusetts, 

3.  Thomas  Jefferson  of  Virgiuia,    . 

4.  James  Madison      "  " 

5.  James  Monroe       "  "         .        . 

6.  John  Quincy  Adams  of  Massachusetts, 

7.  Andrew  Jackson  of  Tennessee, 

8.  Martin  Van  Buren  of  New  York,   . 

9.  William  Henry  Harrif^n  of  Ohio, 

10.  John  Tyler  of  Virginia, 

11.  James  K.  Polk  of  Tennessee, 

12.  Zachary  Taylor  of  Mississippi, 

13.  Millard  Fillmore  of  New  York, 

11.  Franklin  Pierce  of  New  Hampshire, 


sat  from  1789  to  1797. 

"  1797  to  1801. 

"  1801  to  1809. 

"  1809  to  1817. 

"  1817  to  1825. 

"  1825  to  1829. 

"  1829  to  1837. 

"  1837  to  1811. 

"  1841. 

"  1841  to  1845. 

"  1845  to  1849. 

"  1849  to  1850. 

"  1850  to  1853. 

*'  1853  to  1857. 


have  been  formed  of  this  territory  ?  What  led  to  the  settlement  of  Cali- 
fornia? 48.  What  is  the  present  condition  of  the  country  ?  49.  What 
took  place  in  1854  ?    50.  Name  the  presidents. 


I! 


II 


it 
I 


U 


,  f 


* '  J 


■ 


i  * 


232  FIKST   BOOK    OF   HISTORY. 


GEOGRAPHY   OF    SOUTH   AMERICA. 

Q.  How  is  South  America  divided  ? 

A.  South  America  contains  the  Empire  of  Brazil,  formerly  a 
Portuguese  colony,  the  republics  of  'New  Grenada,  Yenczucla, 
Ecuador,  Peru,  Bolivia,  Chili,  Buenos  Ayres,  Uruguay,  aud 
Paraguay,  formerly  Spanish  colonies,  and  Guiana  which  consists 
of  three  colonies  belonging  to  England,  France  and  Holland. 

Q.  What  are  the  striking  natural  features  of  South  America  ? 

A.  South  America  is  skirted  on  the  Pacific  side  by  the 
Andes,  which  contain  several  volcanoes.  About  midway  down  the 
chain  is  Lake  Titicaca  the  only  large  lake,  and  from  the  Andes 
there  flow  to  the  east  the  Amazon,  Orinoco,  and  Rio  de  la 
Plata,  three  of  the  largest  rivers  in  the  world. 

Q.  What  can  you  say  of  its  vegetable  and  mineral  resources  ? 

A.  South  America  has  extensive  fertile  plains  on  which  herds 
of  cattle  roam,  the  soil  is  generally  fertile,  and  the  country 
abounds  in  mines  of  gold,  silver  and  precious  stones. 

Q.  What  are  the  chief  animals  of  South  America  ? 

Ax.  The  chief  quadrupeds  peculiar  to  South  America  are  the 
lama,  useful  for  its  wool  and  flesh,  and  as  a  beast  of  burthen  ; 
the  tapir,  sloth  and  ant-eater ;  the  chief  birds  are  the  condor 
and  ostrich  ;  the  chief  reptile  the  anaconda. 

Q.   From  what  do  the  cities  frequently  suffer  ? 

A.  The  cities,  especially  those  near  the  volcanoes,  frequently 
suffer  from  earthquakes,  and  some  have  been  entirely  destroyed 
by  them ;  and  the  whole  country  of  the  Andes  is  rent  by 
chasms,  precipices  and  torrents. 


I   5 


] 


•n>:^ 


S.-'OT 


a^ 


GEOGRAPHY   OF   SOUTH   AMERICA. 


233 


MAP     OF     SOUTH     AMERICA. 


formerly  a 
k^enczucla, 
guay,  aucl 
ch  consists 
lolland, 
America  ? 
de  by  tiie 
ydown  the 
the  Andes 
Rio  de  la 

resources  ? 
rhich  herds 
le  country 


■ica  are  the 

burthen ; 

the  condor 


frequently 
r  destroyed 
is  rent  by 


i3l 

i?1 


234 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


i  : 


I  i 


QUESTIONS  OJf  THE  MAP  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


;ii 


I  I 


■   I 


1.  Bound  South  America  ? 

2.  Between  what  oceans  is  South  America?  What  sea  on  the  north? 
What  straits  on  the  south?    ^VTiat  isthmus  in  the  nortliwest? 

3.  What  cape  in  the  east?  west?  south?  What  mountains  in  the 
west?    "What  lake  in  South  America ? 

4.  What  is  the  largest  country  in  South  America  ?  in  what  part  is  it  ? 
What  three  countries  north  of  Brazil  ?  N.  G. — V. — G.  ^Vhat  country 
in  the  south  ?  What  two  countries  north  of  Patagonia.  What  two  sniall 
Btates  between  Brazil  and  Buenos  Ayres  ?  What  countries  touch  Brazil 
on  the  west. 

6.  What  large  river  in  Brazil  ?  in  Buenos  Ayres  ?  in  Venezuela  ? 
What  other  river  in  Brazil  ?  St.  F.  What  are  the  largest  branches  of 
the  Amazon  on  the  south  ?  on  the  north  ? 

6.  What  is  the  capital  of  New  Granada  ?  of  Venezuela  ?  of  Ecuador  ? 
of  Peru?  of  Bolivia?  of  Chili?  of  Buenos  Ayr<^s?  of  Paraguay?  of 
Uruguay?  of  Brazil? 

7.  What  three  towns  in  Guiana?  Where  is  Rio  Janeiro?  Para? 
Conception?  Potosi?  Callao?  Guayaquil?  TruxUlo?  Pernambucco ? 
Quito?    Lima?  Caraccas? 

8.  Where  is  the  Straits  of  Magellan?  the  Falkland  Isles?  Georgia 
Isles?  Isle  St.  Catharine ?  Joannes  Island?  Felix  Islands?  Juan  Fer- 
nandez ?   Terro  del  Fuego?   Cape  St.  Roque  ?    Cape  Horn? 


•     i 


THK   HISTORY   OF  SOUTH   AMERICA. 


235 


BRAZIL. 


A. 


the  north  ? 

aina  in  the 

t  part  is  it'.' 
hat  country- 
it  two  sniivU 
touch  Brazil 

Venezuela  ? 
branches  of 

of  Ecuador? 
araguay?   of 


•iro'! 


Para? 
ernawbucco? 

OS?    Georgia 
.1   JuanFor- 


11 


1 .  Brazil  is  one  of  the  largest  countries  in  the  world.  It  was 
first  discovered  by  Pedro  Alvarez  Cabral,  a  Portiiji,uese,  in 
1500.  The  flattering  accounts  of  the  country  induced  attempts 
at  colonization,  and  settlers  were  sent  out,  but  the  colony  ac- 
quired no  permanence  till  1549,  when  San  Salvador  was  built 
ill  tiie  bay  of  Bahla.  A  large  fleet  was  sent  with  settlers,  and 
missionaries  spreading  among  the  Indians,  won  them  to  civili- 
zation and  Christianity. 

2.  The  accounts  of  Brazil  attracted  attention.  Calvin,  the 
reformer,  sent  out  a  French  colony,  in  1555,  under  Villcgagnon, 
who  had  been  a  knight  of  Malta,  but  owing  to  the  dissensions 
of  the  leaders,  and  the  return  of  Yillegagnon  to  the  Catholic 
Church,  the  whole  failed.  About  the  middle  of  the  next 
century,  the  Dutch,  under  Willekens,  Ileyn,  Maurice,  count 
of  Nassau,  and  others,  conquered  the  country  after  a  long 
struggle  frohi  1624  to  1636,  and  held  it  till  1654,  when  it  was 
reconquered  by  the  Portuguese,  who  had  revolted  nine  years 
before  under  Vieyra. 

3.  The  country  gradually  increased  in  population  and  wealth, 
and  its  history  is  devoid  of  interest  till  1306,  when  the  royal 
family  of  Portiiual  arrived  at  Rio  Janeiro,  and  remained  there 
till  1821.     At  that  time  John  VI.  returned  to  Europe,  leaving 

1.  By  whom  was  Brazil  discovered?  When  was  it  first  settled? 
What  was  done  for  the  Indians  ?  2.  Describe  the  French  attempt  to  settle 
Brazil?  What  is  the  history  of  the  Dutch  in  Brazil?  3.  When  did  the 
royal  family  arrive  ?  What  happened  on  their  departure?  Who  is  the 
present  emperor. 


236 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


his  son,  Pedro,  as  regent,  but  in  1823  Brazil  declared  itself 
independent,  and  oflercd  the  crown  to  Pedro,  who  was  pro- 
claimed emperor,  and  reigned  till  1831,  when  he  abdicated  iu 
favor  of  his  son,  Pedro  II.,  the  present  emperor. 


SPANISH    REPUBLICS. 

1.  Of  all  the  native  states  of  South  America,  Peru  was  b^ 
far  the  most  civilized.  It  had  from  the  twelfth  century  bfien 
governed  by  sovereigns  of  the  race  of  Capac,  apparently  Asitv 
tics,  who  raised  the  people  from  a  state  of  barbarism.  Tht 
Spaniards,  hearing  of  the  wealth  of  this  kingdom,  resolved  tc 
conquer  it,  and  in  1525  Francis  Pizarro  crossed"  the  isthmus  of 
Panama,  and  sailed  down  the  coast  to  explore;  and  tindinj 
the  people  civilized,  dressed  in  cotton  and  woollen  cloth,  with 
an  abundance  of  gold  and  silver  ornaments,  returned  to  fit  out 
an  expedition. 

2.  He  sailed  again  in  1531,  entered  the  country,  seized  the 
Inca  Atahualpa,  and  finally  put  him  to  death.  The  Spaniards 
soon  reduced  the  whole  country,  and  founded  the  city  of  Lima. 
Detachments  were  sent  to  ne>ghboring  parts ;  Gonzalo  de 
Xiuienes  in  1536  entered  New  Granada,  and  defeating  Bogota, 
king  of  Moscas,  conquered  the  country.  Almagro  attempted 
the  conquest  of  Chili  in  1538,  but  was  driven  out.  In  1540 
Valdivia  conouered  the  country,  and  though  afterwards  killed 

1.  Describe  ancient  Peru ?  By  whom  was  it  explored?  2.  Whon  did 
be  sail  to  conquer  it  ?    Describe  the  conquest  of  Peru.    Describe  that 


red  itself 
was  pro- 
dicatcd  iu 


'eni  wa«  by 
entury  boen 
rently  Asitv 
ii'ism.    Tl)k 
resolved  tc 
e  istlimus  of 
and  tindin^ 
I  cloth,  witb 
ed  to  fit  out 


7: 


seized  the 
he  Spaniards 
iity  of  Luna. 
Gonzalo  de 
iting  Bogota, 
ro  attempted 
III   1540 
srwards  killed 

2.  "SVhen  did 
Descrilje  tbat 


THE    HISTORY   OF    SOUTH   AMERICA. 


23t 


ill  battle  by  the  Araucanians,  firmly  established  the  Spanish 
]»o\vcr. 

3.  Buenos  Ayres  was  discovered  in  1510  by  De  Solis,  but  it 
was  only  in  1535  that  Pedro  de  Mendoza  founded  the  city  of 
Buenos  Ayres,  and  began  the  colonization.  The  early  history 
of  the  country  is  much  occupied  by  Indian  wars,  in  which,  how- 
ever, the  Spaniards  under  Alvez  Nuiiez  Cabcza  de  Vaca,  finally 
triumphed. 

4.  The  portion  of  South  America  thus  conquered  by  the 
Spaniards,  was  soon  divided  into  five  separate  governments, 
the  Viceroyalty  of  New  Granada,  the  Captain-generalship  of 
Caraccas,  the  Viceroyalty  of  Peru,  the  Viceroyalty  of  Buenos 
Ayres,  and  the  Captain-generalship  of  Chili,  under  the  govern- 
ment of  Captain-generals  and  Viceroys  who  possessed  almost 
absolute  power. 

5.  During  this  period  of  their  colonial  history  the  chief  events 
are  their  connection  with  the  Indian  tribes,  the  efforts  made  to 
save  them  from  oppression,  as  well  as  ihe  stupendous  attempts 
of  missionaries  to  convert  them.  The  slave  trade  was  carried 
on  to  a  great  extent,  and  these  unfortunate  Africans  were 
another  object  of  missionary  zeal. 

6.  Iu  most  parts  these  missions  were  surrounded  by  whites, 
and  in  a  manner  controlled  by  them.  In  Paraguay  the  mission- 
aries were  left  to  themselves.  The  mission  was  begun  in  1586 
by  the  Jesuits  Barsena  and  Angulo.  Others  followed,  and 
though  many  at  first  lost  their  lives,  several  tribes  were  con- 
verted, and  they  gradually  extended  their  fold.     At  last,  in 

of  New  Granada?  Describe  tliat  of  Chili.  3.  By  whom  was  Buenos 
Ayres  settled  and  conquered.  4.  How  was  the  Spanish  territory  now 
divided.  5.  What  are  the  chief  events  in  its  history"?  6.  Describe 
the  missions  of  Paraguay.    By  wliom  were  they  founded.    AVhy  were 


•I 


■f 


'    I 


!li 


H  ' 


238 


FIRST    BOOK   OF   HISTOUV. 


1610,  they  began  to  form  them  into  villages,  and  initiate  them 
into  the  arts  of  civilized  life.  As  if  by  enoliantmont  tlioy  accus- 
tomed their  neophytes  to  labor,  trained  thorn  to  the  various 
mechanical  arts,  and  prepared  them  to  take  ultimately  an  eijual 
grade  with  the  Spaniard.  Attacked  by  a  piratical  horde,  who 
held  St.  Paul's,  on  the  seacoast,  the  Indians  raised  an  army, 
and  by  the  counsels  of  their  missionaries  were  soon  formidable 
to  their  antagonists. 

7.  In  its  greatest  prosperity  these  Reductions  contained 
several  hundred  thousand  Indians,  in  different  villages,  over 
which  the  missionaries  presided,  aided  by  chiefs.  At  last 
intriguing  men  resolved  to  destroy  them;  accusations  of  every 
kind  were  made,  and  the  missionaries  were  at  last  ordered  to 
leave  the  country  in  1767.  The  Indians,  deprived  of  their 
guides  and  protectors,  were  soon  exposed  to  cupidity  and  injus- 
tice, and  the  villages  were  gradually  broken  up. 

8.  During  the  French  revolution,  when  Spain  was  occupied 
by  Napoleon's  army,  the  colonies  in  South  America  were  in  a 
very  distracted  state.  Juntas  were  formed  in  several  provinces, 
to  conduct  the  government,  in  the  name  of  Ferdinand  VII.,  but 
in  1811  Venezuela  and  New  Granada  declared  their  indepen- 
dence, and  a  war  ensued.  Miranda,  the  republican  general, 
was  defeated  in  Venezuela,  and  in  New  Granada  Morillo  dis- 
persed the  congress,  routed  the  army,  and  by  sanguinary  exe- 
cutions repressed  all  revolt.  In  1813  Simon  Bolivar  took  the 
command  of  the  republican  forces:  though  defeated  at  first,  he 


the  Indians  formed  into  an  army?  7.  What  was  its  condition  in  its 
best  days?  What  led  to  its  destruction  ?  8.  What  took  place  during 
the  French  revolution  ?  What  two  States  declared  their  indep(,'ndence 
in  1811?    Who  subdued  them ?    Who  finally  overthrew  the  Spaniards? 


■- 


''V 


1  f 


'I  I 


THE    HISTORY    OF    SOUTH    AMEUICA. 


239 


itc  them 
[^y  accus- 
3  vaiioua 
au  equal 
rde,  who 
in  army, 
»rini(lable 

coutaincd 
•res.  over 

At  last 
3  of  every 
M-dered  to 
i  of  their 

and  injus- 

s  occupied 
,  were  m  a 
provhices, 
VII.,  but 
r  indepcii- 
n  general, 
klorillo  dis- 
iiinary  exe- 
ir  took  the 
at  lirst,  he 


lition  in  its 
ilace  (luring 
luU'pontlonce 
J  Spaniards? 


finally  triumphed  in  Venezuela,  and  then  in  1819  marched  on 
to  New  Oranadu,  and  estal,>lisht'(l  the  freedom  of  l)oth  provinces. 

9.  Tlie  two  provinces  were  now  erected  into  tlie  Ilcpulilio 
of  Columbia,  and  Bolivar  nnule  president,  liy  the  year  18'23 
he  totally  overthrew  the  Spanlsjj  power.  IJolivar  was,  soon 
after,  sa.spccted  of  airainj?  at  royalty,  but  maintained  his  power 
till  his  death,  in  1830.  The  next  year  Columbia  was  divided 
into  New  Granada,  Venezuela  and  Ecuador,  which  have  since 
subsisted  as  separate  republics.  Their  histpry  is  uninteresting, 
being  taken  up  with  civil  dissensions  and  attempts  to  enslave 
the  Church. 

10.  La  Plata,  or  Buenos  Ayres,  was  the  next  to  revolt:  the 
first  outbreak  took  place  in  1810.  In  1810  it  declared  its  inde- 
pendence under  the  name  of  the  United  States  of  South  America, 
and  under  General  San  Martin  soon  overthrew  the  Sjjanish 
power.  Chili  had  revolted  in  1810,  but  General  O'lliggins 
was  thwarted  by  rivals,  and  it  was  only  by  the  aid  of  San 
ISIartin  that  the  royalists  were  finally  defeated  at  Maypa,  in 
1818,  and  Chili  erected  into  a  republic.  Peru  had  hitherto 
remained  completely  in  the  Spanish  power,  and  the  viceroy 
even  invaded  Chili.  In  1820  San  Martin,  with  English  aid, 
advanced  from  Chili  into  Peru,  took  Linm,  and  in  the  following 
year  a  republic  was  proclaimed.  The  royalists  subsequently 
gained  ground,  but  with  the  aid  of  Bolivar  finally  overthrew 
the  Spaniards  at  Ayacucho,  in  1824,  where  the  Spanish  rule 


9.  What  republic  was  formed?  What  happened  in  1830?  10.  "When 
did  Buenos  Ayres  declare  its  independence?  Wliat  j^eneral  freed  the 
country?  What  other  country  hy  his  aid  threw  off  tlie  Spiinisli  yolvO? 
Wliat  induced  San  ]\Iartin  to  attack  Peru?  Wliere  was  the  Spanish 
power  in  South  America  liually  o'.erthrown?    What  republics  were 


240 


FIRST   BOOK   OK   HISTORY. 


ill   Sonth   Amorica  cndeil       Two  other  repuMics  wore  then 
iorined,  IJolivia  ami  Ptrii. 

11.  I'urii^'uay  threw  off  tlic  Spanish  yoke  in  1814,  but  refused 
uU  eonuectiou  with  the   neigliboriuij  republics.     Dr.  Fraiicia 


1 


I  •     I 


I         I 


•iT^^rrz  .^j" 


:^ 


T«;\llfi)«7 


"'_'*: 


,/r,'>''..         ...-»-■=•• 


:::;:S^f''^^^^ 


■4K?r*K 


Montevideo. 

assnmofl  the  p:overnraont,  and  till  1842  ruled  with  despotic 
Kwiiy,  excluding:  all  forei<?ners,  and  endeavorinj^  to  form  the 
ppMjple  to  self  reliance  and  industry.  On  his  death  a  president 
was  chosen.  Uruguay  was  a  disputed  territory,  claimed  by 
Brazil  and  Buenos  Ayres,  but  finally  erected  into  a  separate 

formod?  11.  What  is  the  history  of  Pariigiiay  since  1814?  What  h>fl 
to  the  forming  of  Uruguay  ?  12.  What  kiud  of  a  country  is  Guiaua?  Why 


IS 
7.1 
Jil 


ere  then 
it  refused 


^>s 


'     I 


\ 


Lull  despotic 
to  form  the 
Ih  a  president 
claimed  hy 
io  a  sepnvatc 

Guiana?  ^Vl>y 


THE   HISTORY   OF   SOUTH    AMF.RICA. 


241 


republic.  Like  the  Spanish  republics  in  the  north,  most  of 
these  have  been  disturbed  by  civil  wars,  and  have  from  time  to 
time  fallen  under  the  tyrannical  sway  of  ambitious  mcu. 


GUIANA. 

12.  Guiana  is  a  small  country,  and  yet  it  is  divided  between 
three  great  European  powers.  It  is  peculiar  as  being  the  only 
European  colony  in  South  America.  British  Guiana  embraces 
about  one  half  of  the  country,  lying  next  to  Venezuela.  Dutch 
Guiana  lies  east  of  this,  and  French  Guiana,  or  Cayenne,  ia 
between  Dutch  Guiana  and  Brazil. 

13.  Guiana  was  discovered  by  Vincent  Pinzon,  one  of  the 
companions  of  Columbus,  and  was  at  first  supposed  to  be  a  place 
of  great  wealth.  Here  it  was  that  Ell  Dorado  was  believed  to 
exist,  a  country  with  streets  and  houses  of  gold. 

14.  The  first  settlements  -were  made  by  the  Dutch  who 
planted  a  colony  on  the  Demerara  river,  in  1590,  and  soon  after 
in  otlur  places.  Some  years  after,  the  English  formed  settle- 
ments at  Surinam  and  Berbice,  but  their  colony  was  conquered 
by  the  Dutch,  who  took  them  instead  of  New  York. 

15.  The  French  colonized  Cayenne,  in  1G33,  and  unlike  the 
others,  endeavored  to  convert  the  natives  by  sending  zealous 


is  it  remarkable  ?    How  is  it  dividerl  ?    Which  part  lies  next  to  Vene- 
zuela?    Which  in  the  middle?     W! 


irh  between  Dutch  Guiana  and 
ed?    Who  was  he?    AVhat  was  it 


Brazil  ?  13.  By  whom  was  it  discov 
Bupposed  to  be?  14.  By  wh(Mn  wen  the  first  settlements  made ?  On 
what  river?  In  what  year?  Whofoi  iiied  hL'ttlcments  in  i034?  In  what 
places?    Who  took  these?     For  what  did  she  retain  them?     15.  When 

21 


242 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


missionaries  among  them.  Leonard  Neale,  an  American,  and 
second  archbishop  of  Baltimore,  was  for  many  years  a  mission- 
ary in  this  part,  long  before  the  revolution.  The  French  now 
use  Cayenne  as  a  place  of  .transportation  for  criminals  and 
especially  for  political  offenders. 

16.  During  the  wars  of  the  French  revolution  the  English 
seized  all  Dutch  Guiana,  and  at  the  peace  in  1813,  restored 
only  a  small  portion  to  Holland.  * 


PATAGONIA. 

11.  Patagonia  is  a  dreary,  barren  country,  inhabitated  by 
savage  tribes.  As  no  European  settlement  has  ever  been  made 
here,  it  is  impossible  to  give  its  history;  and  we  here  conclude 
the  history  of  America. 

was  Cayenne  founded?  What  did  the  French  do?  What  celebrated 
Americaa  missionary  labored  here  ?  How  does  France  use  Cayenne  ? 
16.  What  happened  during  the  wars  of  the  French  revolution  ?  What 
did  the  English  restore  at  the  peace?  17.  What  can  you  tell  iia  of 
Patagonia  ? 


CHRONOLOGY   OF  AMERICA. 


243 


ican,  and 
I  mission- 
inch  now 
inals  and 

e  English 
1.  restored 


,bitated  by 
been  made 
re  conclude 


it  celebrated 
ise  Cayenne  t 
tion  ?  What 
)u  tell  1X8  of 


CHRONOLOGY   OF    AMERICA. 


Iceland  colonized,         .... 
Greenland  discovered,       .... 
Vinland  discovered  about 
Columbus  discovers  the  West  Indies, 
jMexico  discovered  by  Cortes, 
Peru  conquered  by  Pizarro, 
Buenos  Ayres  founded  by  Mendoza, 
New  Granada  taken  by  the  Spaniards, 
Chili  reduced  by  Spaniards, 
Brazil  settled  by  Portuguese,    . 

French  in  Brazil, 

Florida  settled  by  Spaniards,     . 
Jesuits  begin  missions  in  Paraguay, 
Nova  Scotia  settled  by  the  French,    . 
Virginia  settled  by  the  English,     . 
Canada  settled  by  the  French,    . 
New  Yorjc  settled  by  the  Dutch,    . 
Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  settled  by  English  se 
Canada  taken  by  the  English, 

Maryland  settled, 

Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island  settled, 
Brazil  conquered  by  the  Dutch, 
Indian  war  on  New  England, 
Union  of  the  New  England  colonies, 
Hurons  destroyed  by  Iroquois, 
North  Carolina  settled,      .... 
New  York  taken  by  the  English,  . 
South  Carolina  settled,      .... 
The  ^lississippi  explored  by  Marquette, 
King  Plillip's  war  against  New  England, 
Bacon's  rebellion  in  Virginia, 
Pennsylvania  settled,         .... 
Illinois  and  Arkansas  settled  by  the  French, 


paratists, 


•  • 


«  • 


•  •  • 


A.  C. 
874 
982 
1000 
14'J2 
1521 
1531 
1535 
1536 
1540 
1549 
1555 
1565 
1585 
1005 
1607 
1608 
1613 
1620 
1629 
1634 
1635 
1636 
1637 
1643 
1649 
1650 
1664 
1670 
1673 
1675 
1676 
1681 
1681 


244 


FIRST    BOOK    OF   HISTORY. 


I 


M 


h: 


1 1 

!    \ 


"War  between  English  and  French  colonies,  (William  III.,) 

Second  war,  (Queen  Anne's,) 

Delaware  made  a  separate  colony, 

Georgia  settled, 

Negro  plot  in  New  York, 

Canada  conquered, 

France  cedes  to  England  all  her  colonics  cast  of  the  Mississippi, 

"  "      Spain  all  west  of  the  Mississippi, 

French  in  Louisiana  attempt  to  form  a  republic, 
English  colonies  obtain  repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act, 
Jesuit  missions  in  Paraguay  destroyed. 

Tea  destroyed  at  Boston, 

Battle  of  Lexington  begins  the  American  revolution, 

Washington  driven  from  New  York, 

The  United  States  declare  their  independence. 

The  English  army  under  Burgoyne  surrenders,     . 

The  English  under  Cornwallis  surrender, 

England  acknowledges  the  United  States,     . 

Washington  president,        .... 

Negroes  in  Hayti  rc'olt,        .... 

Louisiana  ceded  back  to  France, 

Louisiana  purchased  by  the  United  States,  . 

Mexico  revolts, 

Venezuela, 

War  between  England  and  the  United  States, 
Paraguay  becomes  independent,    . 
Buenos  Ayres  becomes  independent, 

Chili  delivered, 

Columbia  becomes  independent, 
Florida  ceded  to  the  United  States, 
Brazil  becomes  an  empire, 
Peru  and  Bolivia  formed  into  republics, 

Columbia  divided, 

Texas  revolts, 

Texas  annexed  to  the  United  States, 

War  with  Mexico, 

California  and  New  Mexico  ceded,     . 


1689 
1702 
1703 
1733 
1741 
1759 
1763 
1763 
1766 
1766 
1767 
1773 
1775 
1776 
1776 
1777 
1781 
1783 
1789 
1793 
1800 
1803 
1810 
1811 
1812 
1814 
1816 
1818 
1819 
1820 
1823 
1824 
18.30 
1836 
1845 
1846 
1848 


i  • 


QUESTIONS   ON   THE   MAP  OF   OCEANICA. 


245 


1689 
1702 
1703 
1733 
1741 
1759 
1763 
1763 
17G6 
1766 
1767 
1773 
1775 
1776 
1776 
.  1777 
1781 
.  1783 
1789 
.  1793 
1800 
.  1803 
1810 
.  1811 
1812 
.  1814 
1810 
.  1818 
1819 
.  1820 
1823 
.  1824 
1830 
.  1836 
1845 
.  1846 
1848 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  OCEANICA. 

1.  la  what  ocean  is  Oceanica?  Jlns.  In  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Of  what 
does  it  consist  ?  ^ns.  Of  islands.  What  are  the  chief  divisions?  Ans. 
Malaysia,  Australasia  and  Polynesia. 

2.  In  what  part  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  is  Malaysia?  Ahs.  Malaysia  is 
in  the  north-western  part  of  the  Pacific,  near  China  and  Farther  India. 
What  are  the  principal  islands  in  this  division?  Ans.  The  Philippines, 
Borneo,  Java,  Sumatra,  Celebes  and  the  Moluccas. 

3.  To  whom  do  the  Philippines  belong  ?  Ans.  To  Spain.  The  other 
islands?  Ans.  To  Holland.  What  is  the  capital  of  the  Philippi  -? 
Ans.  Manilla.     Of  Java?    Ans.  Batavia. 

4.  In  what  direction  from  Malaysia  is  Australasia?  Ans.  In  li 
south-east.  What  arc  the  chief  islands?  Ans.  Australia,  Papua.  Ne\s 
Zealand  and  Van  Diemen's  Land.  AVhat  ar*^  the  highest  mountains  in 
Australia?  Ans.  The  Blue  Mountains.  What  is  tlie  largest  river? 
The  Murray  river.  What  is  the  capital?  Ans.  Sidney.  What  other 
towns  are  there  ?    Ans.  New  Castle  and  Paramatta. 

5.  Of -what  does  New  Zealand  consist?  Ans.  Of  two  distinct  islands. 
What  strait  separates  them?  Ans.  Cook's  Strait.  What  i.s  the  capital? 
Ans,  Auckland.  What  tropic  crosses  Australia?  Ans.  Tropic  of  Ca- 
pricorn. "What  strait  north  of  Australia?  j?/js.  Torres' Strait.  What 
strait  between  Australia  and  Van  Diemen's  land?    Ans.  Bs. 

6.  In  what  part  of  the  Pacific  is  Polynesia?  Ans.  Polynesia  embraces 
all  the  western  part  of  Oceanica.  To  which  continent  tlots  it  lie 
nearest?  Ans,  America.  Of  wliat  does  Polynesia  eyusist .'  .lits.  Of 
several  groups  of  small  islands.  Which  are  tlie  principal  groups? 
Ans.  The  principal  groups  are  the  Ladrones,  Sandwich,  Marquesas, 
Washington,  Society,  Georgian,  Pearl  and  Friendly  islands.  Wiiich  is 
the  most  northerly  group?  Ans.  The  Sandwich  islands.  Of  what  are 
those  composed  ?  Ans.  Of  Hawaii,  Oalui  and  some  smaller  ishmds. 
Wliat  group  lies  on  the  north-west?  Ans.  The  Ladrones.  What  group 
lies  south  of  the  Ladroujs?  Ans.  The  Carolines.  To  whom  do  tliose 
two  groups  belong  J    Ans.  Spain.    What  group  of  islands  lies  south- 


246 


FIRST    BOOK   OF    HISTORY. 


east  of  the  Sandivich  islands?  Ans.  The  Marquesas.  "What  group  lies 
Bouth-west  of  the  Marquesas?  Ans.  The  Society  islands.  "Which  is  the 
largest  of  the  Society  islands?  Ans.  Tahiti.  What  island  lies  south- 
east of  Tahiti  ?  Ans,  Pitcairns.  Tv'hat  groups  lie  west  of  the  Society 
islands?  Ans.  The  Friendly,  Feejee  and  Nf^vifators  islands.  "What 
islands  lie  nearest  to  North  America?  Ans.  The  Sandwich  i^iiands. 
What  islands  lie  nearest  to  China  ?  Ans.  The  Philippines.  To  Malac- 
ca? Ans.  Sumatra.  Which  is  the  largest  island  inOceanica'  Ans. 
Australia. 


»li     t 


n 


I 


GEOGRAPHY    OF    OCEANICA. 


247 


;roup  lies 
lich  is  the 
ies  south- 
le  Society 
.8.  V.'hat 
h  iKiands. 
To  Malac- 
ja '     ^ns. 


GEOGRAPHY  OF  OCEANICA. 

1.  Oceanica  comprises  all  the  islaiuls  lyins^  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  These  are  soraetiines  divided  into  Australasia,  Malaysia 
and  Polynesia;  but  no  permanent  division  has  yet  been  made. 

2.  The  largest  of  these  islands  is  Australia,  which  is  some- 
times called  a  continent.  Borneo,  Sumatra,  Java,  Luzon, 
Celebes,  Papua,  New  Zealand  and  Van  Diemen's  Land,  are 
also  quite  extensive,  but  the  rest  are  generally  small. 

3.  Many  of  these  islands  are  of  volcanic  origin,  others  based 
on  coral  reefs.  Although  most  of  them  lie  in  the  torrid  zone, 
yet  as  they  are  traversed  by  mountains,  the  climate  is  temperate 
and  delightful. 

4.  These  islands  are  rich  in  gold,  diamonds,  spices,  and  the 
most  luscious  fruits,  and  are  noted  for  the  strange  animals 
which  are  found  in  tliem,  such  as  the  kangaroo,  orang- 
outang, duck-bill  and  black  swan. 

5.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Malays,  Negroes,  and  emi- 
grants from  various  parts  of  Europe  and  Asia.  The  Malays 
occupy  all  Malaysia  and  Polynesia,  the  chief  tribes  being  the 
civilized  Javanese  and  Battas:  the  xVegroes  occupy  Australasia 
and  several  of  the  iJ.uids  in  other  parts 

1.  What  does  Oceanica  comprise?  How  is  it  divided?  2.  Which  is 
the  largest  island  ?  What  other  extensive  islands  are  there  ?  3.  What 
is  the  origin  of  many  of  thesic  islands?  of  others?  In  Avhat  zone  do  most 
of  them  lie?  AVhat  makes  the  climate  pleasant?  4.  In  what  are  these 
islands  rich?  For  what  are  they  noted?  5.  Of  what  three  races  are  the 
inhabitants  ?    Where  are  the  Malays  found?    What  are  the  chief  tribes? 


HUB 


248 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


6.  The  religions  vvliioh  prevail  are  Braliminism,  Buddhism, 
both  nearly  extinct,  Mohammedanism,  and  various  horrid  forms 
of  Paganism,  properly  so  called,  or  idolatry.  Christianity  has, 
however,  made  great  ;jrogress,  and  in  some  parts  there  is  a 
large  European  population. 


HISTORY   OF    OCEANICA. 


?■ 


MALAYSIA. 

1.  Little  is  known  of  the  early  history  of  these  islands:  they 
were  unknown  to  Europeans  till  towards  the  close  of  the  thir- 
teenth century,  when  several  of  the  Malaysian  isles  were  visited 
by  the  Blessed  Oderic  of  Friuli,  and  by  Marco  Polo.  The 
Javanese  were  the  most  powerful  people,  and  have  at  three 
diflFerent  epochs  ruled  the  archipelago.  In  the  middle  of  the 
thirteenth  century  they  embraced  the  worship  of  Buddha,  but 
retained  it  only  for  a  century:  when  they  were  conquered  by 
the  Hindoos,  and  adopted  Brahrainism. 

2.  The  most  famous  sovereigns  were  Alit  "Widjiaya  in  the 

Where  are  the  Negroes  found  ?    6.  What  are  the  prevailing  religions  ? 
What  two  are  nearly  extinct  ?    What  of  Christianity  ? 

1.  What  is  known  of  the  early  history  of  these  islands  ?  By  whom 
were  they  first  visited  ?  In  what  century  ?  Who  are  the  most  powerful 
people?  How  often  have  they  ruled  the  Archipelago?  When  did  they 
embrace  the  religion  of  Buddha  ?  How  long  did  they  retain  it  ?  By 
whom  were  they  then  conquered?  What  religion  did  they  then  adopt? 
2.  Who  were  the  most  famous  sovereigns  in  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth 
centuries  ?  Who  conquered  Java  in  1478  ?  What  great  sultan  flourished 
in  the  seventeenth  century?    What  religion  do  they  now  profess? 


ll\ 


THE  HISTORY  OP   OCEAKICA. 


249 


uddhism, 
rid  forms 
mity  has, 
liere  is  a 


,nds:  they 
F  the  thir- 
ere  visited 
•olo.  The 
p  at  three 
die  of  the 
iddha,  but 
qucred  by 

lya  in  the 
g  religions? 

By  whom 
)st  powerful 
leu  (lid  they 
ain  it?  By 
tlien  adopt  ? 
ind  fifteenth 
xn  flourished 
ow  profess? 


fourteenth,  Angka  Widjiaya  in  the  fifteenth  centuries,  but  in 
1418  Java  was  conquered  by  the  Mohammedans.  Under  them 
the  sultan  of  Matarem,  in  the  seventeenth  century,  was  a  most 
powerful  monarch:  his  kingdom  embraced  not  only  Java,  but 
the  surrounding  islands.  During  this  epoch  these  islands  cm- 
braced  the  religion  of  Mahomet,  which  they  still  profess. 

3.  These  islands  were  visited  by  the  Portuguese  in  the  early 
part  of  the  sixteenth  century,  and  St.  Francis  Xavier  preached 
the  gospel  in  several  of  them;  but  in  157T  ^he  Dutch  planted 
a  colony  in  Java,  and  soon  reduced  all  *he  islands,  of  which 
they  are  still  the  masters.  They  maintain  their  authority  j)artly 
by  intrigue  and  partly  by  forts,  supporting  an  army  of  15,000 
men.  Batavia  is  the  capital  of  the  Dutch  East  India  pos- 
sessions. 

4.  The  Pi....ppine  islands  were  discovered  in  1520  by  Magel- 
lan, who  was  killed  there:  and  soon  after  visited  by  the  Spa- 
niards, who  planted  a  colony,  and  did  m-^ch  by  their  mission- 
aries to  convert  the  natives.  Manilla,,  i  .le  island  of  Luzon, 
a  large  and  flourishing  city,  is  the  capital  of  the  Spanish  East 
Indies. 


AUSTRALASIA. 

5.  Australia  was  discovered  in   1606  by  Louis  Torres,  a 
Si)anisli  commander,  and  by  Dnyf  hen,  a  Dutch  navigator.    Tiie 

3.  "What  European  nation  first  yisited  these  islands  ?  Who  preached  the 
gospel  in  several  islands?  When  did  the  Dutch  plant  a  colony  in  Java? 
ilow  do  they  maintain  their  authority  ?  What  is  their  capital  ?  4.  By 
whom  were  the  Philippines  discovered?  What  happened  to  him  here? 
Wlio  planted  a  colony  here  ?  What  did  they  do  for  the  natives  ?  What 
is  the  capital  of  the  Spanish  East  Indies?  5.  By  whom  was  Australia 
discovered?    In  what  year?    Who  gave  it  its  present  name  ?    By  whom 


250 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


name  Australia  was  given  to  it  in  1608  by  Quiros,  a  Spanish 
admiral,  who  visited  much  of  the  coast.  Van  Diemen's  Land 
was  discovered  in  1642  by  Tasman,  who  gave  it  its  present 
name. 

6.  Although  several  nations  had  sent  expeditions  to  the 
shores  of  these  islands,  it  was  only  in  1110  that  any  European 
nation  claimed  them.  In  that  year  Captain  Cook  visited  Aus- 
tralia, and  naming  Botany  Bay  from  the  luxuriant  vegetation 
which  enlivened  it,  took  possession  of  the  country  in  the  name 
of  England,  and  planted  the  British  flag. 

1.  In  1181  the  English  government  resolved  to  use  this 
island  as  a  place  for  convicts,  and  a  fleet  of  nine  vessels  was 
sent  out  under  Commodore  Phillips,  carrying  151  convicts  and 
260  government  employees.  With  these  he  founded  the  town 
of  Sydney,  and  established  a  system  of  martial  law. 

8.  Land  was  assigned  to  such  convicts  as  showed  an  inclina- 
tion to  work,  and  in  two  years  seven  hundred  acres  were  cleared ; 
and  in  1191  the  convicts  began  to  live  without  any  government 
aid.  Many,  however,  retained  their  old  habits,  and  defeated 
all  the  designs  of  the  excellent  Governor  Phillips,  who  was  at 
last  compelled  to  resign. 

9.  Under  subsequent  governors  other  settlements  were  formed, 


was  Van  Diemen's  Land  discovered?  6.  When  were  these  islands  first 
claimed  by  any  European  nation  ?  Who  visited  Australia  in  that  year  ? 
What  bay  did  he  name  ?  Why  did  he  call  it  Botany  Bay  ?  What  else 
did  he  do?  7.  What  did  the  English  government  resolve  to  make  it? 
What  did  they  send  out?  In  what  year?  Who  was  the  first  governor? 
What  city  did  he  found  ?  8,  What  was  assigned  to  each  convict  ?  How 
much  land  was  cleared  in  two  years?  When  were  the  convicts  able  to 
support  themselves  ?  What  was  the  conduct  of  many  ?  9.  What  led  to 
the  transportation  of  many  ?    What  were  introduced  In  1802?    When 


■ 


a  Spanish 
en's  Land 
ts  present 

>ns  to  the 
'  European 
isited  Aus- 
vcgetation 
II  the  name 

to  use  this 
vessels  was 
lonvicts  and 
3d  the  town 

d  an  inclina- 
irere  cleared; 

government 
md  defeated 

who  was  at 

were  formed, 

se  islands  first 
aia  that  year? 
ly  ?  What  else 
Ive  to  make  it? 
first  governor? 
convict?  How 
convicts  able  to 
9.  "What  led  to 
1  1802?    'VVhon 


THE    HISTORY    OF    OCKANICA. 


•251 


especially  when  the  Irish  rebellion  in  119S  crowilcd  the  prisons 
with  galUint  but  unlbrtuuate  men.  In  1S02  Inur  nicrino-riuns, 
and  as  n-vny  sheep,  were  sent  out,  and  thus  led  to  the  raising- 
of  wool,  one  of  the  great  sources  of  wealth.  Van  Diemen's 
Land  was  settled  in  1797,  when  Ilobart's  Town  was  begun  at 
the  foot  of  Table  mountain,  in  a  beautiful  location. 

10.  In  1827  the  absoUite  authority  of  the  governors  ended, 
a..i  a  legislative  colony  was  establisiied,  and  regular  coiuts 
organized,  and  the  colony  increased  by  einigratiun  of  free 
settlers.  In  1851  a  new  aspect  was  given  to  alfairs,  l»y  tiie 
discovery  of  gold  mines  similar  to  those  of  California,  a»id  since 
then  a  tide  of  emigration,  almost  unparalleled,  has  Howed  to 
Australia. 

11.  The  religions  jjvhlch  prevail  in  the  island  are  the  Catholic 
and  the  Protestant,  which  are  about  equally  balanced.  The  na- 
tives are  Pagans,  and  the  Catholic  missiotmries,  especially  the  Be- 
nedictines, have  made  great  efforts  for  their  conversion,  several 
having  lost  their  lives  in  their  holy  undertaking;  but  the  colo- 
nists generally  have  no  r*^gard  for  the  natives,  and  treat  them 
rather  as-  beasta  than  as  men. 

12.  The  history  of  the  other  islands  la  unimportant.  Xew 
Zealand  was  long  noted  for  the  savage  character  of  its  people; 
but  English  settlements  have  been  formed,  and  missionaries 
have  done  much  to  restrain  the  ferocity  of  the  natives. 


was  Van  Diemen's  Land  settled?  What  was  the  first  town?  10.  la 
what  year  did  the  absolute  power  of  the  governors  end?  What  was  then 
established?  What  was  discovered  in  1851?  What  resulted  from  this? 
11.  What  are  the  prevailing  religions?  What  is  the  religion  of  the 
natives?  Who  have  converted  many?  12.  What  can  you  say  of  the 
history  of  the  other  islands  ?  For  what  was  New  Zealand  noted  ?  AV'bat 
have  been  formed  there?    Who  have  done  much  to  civilize  the  people? 


252 


FiRar  BOOK  OF  iiiarouY. 


POLYNESIA. 


1.  Polynesia,  which  signifies  "  many  islands,"  includes  all 
the  small  islands  in  the  western  part  of  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
Some  of  these  were  discovered  as  early  as  the  time  of  Magellun, 
who  was  killed  in  1521,  in  one  of  the  Ladrone  Islands,  hn\. 
they  were  made  known  chiefly  by  the  voyages  of  Cook  and 
La  Perouse,  about  the  time  of  the  American  revolution. 

2.  The  Ladroncs  or  Marian  Islands,  were  inhabited  by  a 
very  thievish  set  of  people,  whom  the  Spaniards  called  La- 
drones  or  robbers,  and  in  this  way  the  group  got  its  name. 
They  were  fierce  and  savage,  and  though  zealous  missionaries 
tried  repeatedly  to  convert  them,  the  islanders  refused  to  em- 
brace Christianity  and  put  most  of  the  missionaries  to  death. 
In  consequence  of  repeated  wars  the  natives  are  almost  com- 
pletely destroyed.  These  islands  and  the  Carolines  still  belong 
to  Spain. 

3.  The  Sandwich  Islands  or  kingdom  of  Hawaii,  is  the 
most  important  group  in  Polynesia.  It  consists  of  the  large 
island  of  Hawaii,  with  Maui,  Oahu,  and  some  smaller  ones. 

4.  These  islands  were  discovered  by  Captain  Cook  who  was 

1.  What  does  Polynesia  signify  ?  By  whom  were  these  islands  first 
discovered  ?  In  what  year  ?  Where  was  he  killed  ?  By  whose  voyages 
are  they  chiefly  known  ?  About  what  time  were  these  voyages  made  ? 
2.  What  other  name  have  the  Ladrones  ?  Why  are  they  called  Ladroues  1 
What  can  you  tell  of  the  natives  ?  How  did  they  treat  the  mission- 
aries? What  has  become  of  them?  What  other  islands  belong  to 
Spain  ?  3.  What  kingdom  do  the  Sandwich  Islands  form  ?  What  can 
you  say  of  this  group?  What  large  island  docs  it  contain?  What 
smaller  ones?  4.  By  whom  were  these  islands  discovered?  What  hap- 
pened to  him  here  ?    Who  occasionally  visited  the  islands  after  this  ? 


THE    HISTOUV    OF  OCEANICA. 


253 


includeg  all 
cific  Ocean. 
)f  Magellan, 
Islands,  hn'i 
f  Cook  and 
lution. 

abited  by  a 
s  called  La- 
ot  its  name. 

missionaries 
afused  to  em- 
ries  to  death. 

almost  com- 
-s  still  belong 

[iwaii,  is  the 
of  the  large 
Icr  ones. 

ook  who  was 

Bse  islands  llrst 
whose  voyages 
oyages  made  ? 
led  Ladroues  1 
the  mission- 
inds  belong  to 
m  ?    What  can 
ontaiu  ?    What 
d  ?    What  hap- 
ads  after  this? 


killed  here  in  1718  in  a  contest  with  the  natives.  After  that 
time  they  were  occasionally  visited  by  European  and  American 
vessels. 

6.  The  islands  were  originally  governed  by  varions  petty 
princes,  but  towards  the  close  of  the  last  century  Kamehamcha 
I.,  a  man  of  prodigious  strength  and  courago,  after  an  hundred 
battles  conquered  most  of  the  princes  and  ruled  with  undisputed 
Bway  till  1819,  maintaining  his  power  by  a  well  equipped  army 
and  navy.  Ilis  successor  Kamehameha  II.  immediately  abol- 
ished idolatry  at  the  suggestion  of  the  European  residents,  and 
ordered  all  the  idols  and  temples  to  be  destroyed,  and  after  em- 
bracing the  Catholic  religion  proceeded  to  England,  where  he 
died  in  1823,  leaving  his  son  an  infant. 

6.  Previous  to  his  death,  and  about  the  year  1820,  several 
Protestant  missionaries  arrived  and  began  their  labors  for  the 
conversion  of  the  people,  which  have  been  zealously  prosecuted 
to  the  present  time.  Tliey  soon  acquired  a  complete  control 
of  the  regent  Kaahumanu,  and  when  Catholic  missionaries 
arrived,  induced  her  to  forbid  them  to  land. 

7.  From  the  1828  a  persecution  was  carried  on  against  the 
Catholics  and  their  missionaries,  unparalleled  in  hideous  false- 
hood and  cruelty  except  by  Nicholas  in  his  persecution  of  the 

5.  By  whom  were  the  islands  originally  governed  ?  What  great  prince 
arose  towards  the  close  of  the  last  century  ?  What  did  he  do  ?  What 
can  you  tell  us  of  him?  When  did  he  die?  Who  succeeded  him? 
Whit  was  the  first  act  of  King  Kamehameha  II  ?  AVhere  did  he  die? 
Whom  did  he  leave  as  king?  (5.  Who  arrived  about  1820?  What  did 
they  begin  ?  What  did  they  soon  obtain  ?  What  did  tlicy  induce  the 
regent  to  do,  when  Catholic  niis-slonaries  came?  7.  What  can  you  say 
of  this  persecution  ?  How  long  did  it  last '.'  How  were  the  Catholics 
treated?     What  is  their  present  condition  ?    On  what  country  is  this  a 


254 


FIRST    BOOK    OF   HISTORY. 


& 


Poles.  This  state  of  things  coiitimied  till  1839,  and  in  that 
long  persecution  the  Catholics  were  imprlsoneil,  tortured,  put  to 
death,  deprived  of  their  property  and  civil  right.-!,  so  that  they 
are  now  the  poorest  in  the  islands.  It  is  a  reproach  to  ns 
Americans  that  while  our  government  tolerates  all  religion, 
any  of  our  countrymen  should  have  instigated  and  encouraged 
such  persecution. 

8.  The  present  king  is  Kanichamcha  III.  During  his  reign, 
a  great  number  of  the  people  have  embraced  Christianity; 
schools  and  seminaries  have  been  established,  a  constitution 
adopted,  and  a  code  of  laws  j)ubllshed.  Much  of  this  is  the 
work  of  the  missionaries,  but  the  progress  of  the  better  class  of 
the  people  themselves  is  extraordinary.  At  the  same  time, 
however,  his  reign  is  noted  for  the  rapid  decrease  of  the  native 
population. 

9.  The  government  is  now  administered  by  tlie  king,  a  house 
of  hereditary  nobles,  and  house  of  representatives;  but  at  the 
present  moment  negotiations  are  on  foot  to  annex  the  Hawaiian 
kingdom  to  the  United  States. 

10.  The  Society  Islands  were  first  visited  in  1760  by  Wallis, 
and  derive  their  name  from  the  manner  in  which  he  was 
received  by  the  natives.  Here,  too,  missionaries  established 
themselves  and  converted  many  of  the  natives,  but  involved 
the  country  in  troubles  by  their  treatment  of  Catholic  mission- 
aries. Queen  ii'omare  was  compelled  by  France  to  make 
reparation  for  injuries  done  to  natives  of  France,  at  the  instiga- 


blot?  8.  "Who  is  the  present  king?  What  are  the  chief  events  of  his 
reign?  9.  How  is  the  government  adminlsterod  ?  What  negotiations 
are  now  going  on  ?  10.  By  whom  were  the  Society  Islands  discovered  ? 
In  what  year?  Who  have  labored  successfully  here  ?  What  queen  had 
troubles  with  France  ?     What  missionary  caused  these  troubles  ?    What 


THK   HISTORY   Of  OCEANICA. 


256 


and  in  that 
mx'tl,  put  to 
50  that  they 
roach  to  iw 
all  religion, 
I  encouraged 

,ng  his  reign, 
Christianity, 
constitution 
if  this  is  tho 
etter  class  of 
e  same  time, 
of  the  native 

king,  a  house 
but  at  tho 
the  Hawaiian 

66  by  Wallis, 
iiich  he  was 
iS  established 

but  involved 
,holic  missioa- 
Ince  to   make 

,t  the  instiga- 

cf  events  of  his 
lat  negotiations 
Inds  discovered  ? 
jNVhat  (iueeu  bad 
Iroubles?    AVhal 


I 

i 


tion  of  Mr.  Pritchard,  who,  after  thus  persecuting  Catholics, 
finally  embraced  the  religion  which  he  had  oppressed. 

11.  Pitcairn's  Island  is  noted  for  its  curious  history.  In 
1790  the  crew  of  the  English  ship  Bounty  nmtinied,  put  tho 
captain  in  a  boat  and  sailed  off  to  Tahiti,  one  /.  the  Society 
Islands,  and  taking  women  as  wives,  pursued  their  voyage  to 
Pitcairn's  Island,  where  they  landed  and  began  a  settlement. 
For  many  years  they  remainc''  undiscovered,  and  at  last,  when 
only  one  of  the  old  mutineers  was  alive,  a  vesnel  touching  there 
was  surprized  to  find  people  speaking  English  and  familiar  with 
Christianity.  In  a  little  while  ihe  whui<3  was  ■  Aplained,  and 
for  the  first  time  the  fate  of  the  mutineers  becrrr.,  Known. 

12.  The  history  of  the  other  islands  in  this  division  is  Mt  im- 
portant or  interesting;  and  having  th  .i,  ^  ven  a  sketch  of  the 
history  of  all  the  different  nations  in  juicient  or  modern  times, 
we  shall  add  an  outline  of  the  history  of  religion,  and  then  leave 
you  to  pursue  your  studies  in  some  larger  book. 


singular  change  did  he  make?  11.  For  what  is  Pitcairn's  island 
noted  ?  In  what  year  did  the  mutiny  of  the  ship  Bounty  take  place  ? 
Where  did  the  mutineers  sail  ?  Uow  many  survived  when  the  island 
was  discovered?  12.  What  can  you  say  of  the  history  of  the  other 
islajida. 


256 


FIRST    BOOK    OF    HISTORY. 


CIIROXOLOGY  OF  OCEANICA. 


Blessed  Oderic  preaches  in  Malaysia,  (about) 

Hindoos  conquer  Java,  (about) 

Mahommedans  conquer  it, 

Magellan  killed  at  tlie  Ladrone  Islands, 

St.  Francis  Xavier  preaches  in  Malaysia, 

Dutch  settle  in  Java, 

Torres  discovers  Australia, 

Australia  named  by  Quiros, 

Friendly  Islands  discovered. 

Captain  Cook  at  Botany  Bay, 

Captain  Cook  killed, 

Sidney  founded  as  a  convict  colony, 

Pitcairn's  Island  settled,     . 

Kamehameha  I.  reigns, 

Van  Dlcmen's  Land  settled, 

Merino  sheep  introduced  into  Australia, 

Kamehameha  II.  abolishes  idolatry, 

Protestant  mission  in  Sandwich  Islands, 

Catholic  mission  founded, 

Kamehameha  III.  an  infant  succeeds, 

Legislature  convened  in  Australia, 

Persecution  of  the  Catholics  in  the  Sandwich  Islands, 

Gold  discovered  in  Australia, 


1300 
1350 
1478 
1521 
1547 
1577 
1606 
1608 
1766 
1770 
1778 
1787 
1790 
1791 
1797 
1802 
1819 
1820 
1823 
1824 
1827 
1828 
1851 


P( 


■'  wa 


THE   HISTORY   OF  THE   CHURCH. 


257 


1300 
1350 
1478 
1521 
1547 
1577 
1606 
1608 
1766 
1770 
1778 
1787 
1790 
1791 
1797 
1802 
1819 
,  1820 
1823 
.  1824 
1827 
.  1828 
1851 


THE    CHURCH. 

1.  The  history  of  Christianity  enters  into  the  history  of  most 
countries,  and  especially  in  that  of  Italy,  since  the  middle  ages, 
and  we  have  frequently  spoken  of  it.  We  shall  here  give  a  con- 
nected sketch. 


St.  Paul  atoned  at  Lystra. 


2.  When  the  apostles,  by  the  descent  of  the  Holy  Ghost  at 
Pentecost,  were  prepared  for  their  great  w^ork,  the  Church  was 

2.  To  whom  was  the  Gospel  first  preached?    To  whom  then?    Who 
was  the  chief  of  the  Apostles?    What  other  great  Apostle  was  raised 


258 


FIRST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


li 


!     I 


founded,  and  they  dispersed  into  various  parts,  preaching  the 
gospel  first  to  the  Jews,  and  then  to  the  Pagans  in  various 
countries.  St.  Peter  was  recognized  as  the  chief  of  the  apostles, 
and  assembled  them  to  decide  on  various  questions  that  had 
arisen.  Besides  the  original  apostles,  God  raised  up  St.  Paul, 
who  by  his  eloquence  and  zeal  greatly  extended  the  faith. 

3.  In  the  time  of  the  apostles,  the  gospel  was  preached  in 
most  parts  of  the  Roman  Empire,  in  Persia,  India,  Abyssinia, 
and  other  parts  which  never  yielded  to  the  Romans.  St.  Peter 
proceeded  to  Rome,  and  was  there  put  to  death  with  St.  Paul 
in  the  first  general  persecution.  His  successors,  the  bishops  of 
Rome,  have  always  claimed  the  primacy  which  he  enjoyed,  and 
have  for  many  centuries  been  called  the  Popes.  Recognized 
once  as  the  head  of  all  Christian  Clmrches,  the  Pope  is  still 
the  head  of  the  Catholic  Church,  which  embraces  the  great 
majority  of  Christians. 

4.  The  Roman  emperors  w^ere  bitterly  opposed  to  Chris- 
tianity, and  repeatedly  instituted  terrible  persecutions  in  which 
millions  of  Christians  perished,  but  the  truth  gained  ground, 
and  when  Constantine  became  a  Christian,  Paganism  received 
a  death  blow  from  which  it  never  recovered.  By  this  time  the 
Church  had  assumed  a  distinct  form.  The  Church  was  divided 
into  sections  over  whicli  bishops  presided ;  under  them  were  the 
priests  attached  to  the  several  Churches.  The  worship  of  God 
was  the  mass,  considered  a  sacrifice  in  which  the  body  and 
blood  of  Christ  were  daily  offered  up.     The  Churches  founded 


up?  3.  la  what  countries  was  the  go?pel  preached  in  the  time  of  the 
apostles?  Where  did  St.  Peter  fix  his  see?  What  are  his  successors 
called?  4.  How  did  the  Roman  emperors  treat  the  Christians?  Wiio 
was  the  first  Christian  emperor  ?  Describe  the  form  which  the  Church 
assumed?     What  was    the  worship?     What    languages  were  used? 


THE   HISTORY   OF  THE   CHURCH. 


259 


chiug  the 
in  various 
c  apostles, 
is  that  had 
p  St.  Paul, 
faith. 
)reachcd  iu 

Abyssinia, 

St.  Tcter 

ith  St.  raul 

3  bishops  of 

nijoyed,  and 

Becognizcd 
Pope  is  still 
2S  the  great 

Bd  to  Chris- 
ons  in  which 
med  ground, 
lism  received 
this  time  the 
I  was  divided 
lem  were  the 
rship  of  God 
le  body  and 
ches  founded 

the  time  of  the 
his  succcpgovs 
vistians?  "NVho 
lich  the  Church 
es  were  used? 


■ 


in  various  parts,  offered  up  this  sacrifice  in  their  respective  lan- 
guages; the  Greek  prevailed  over  all  that  has  been  lately  sub- 
ject to  Turkey,  except  in  Armenia,  where  the  Armenian  pre- 
vailed. The  rest  of  the  empire  used  the  Latin  rite.  Thero  was 
also  a  Syriac,  a  Coptic,  an  Ethiopian,  and  a  Arabic  rite,  but 
all  were  the  same  service. 

5.  After  the  period  of  the  persecutions,  the  Church  was  dis- 
turbed by  heresies,  which  were  attempts  of  vain  men  to  alter 
the  faith  as  generally  received.  Most  of  these  originated 
among  the  Greeks,  and  the  most  important  was  that  of  Arius, 
which  spread  over  nearly  all  the  Greek  Church,  and  was  pro- 
tected by  several  of  the  Greek  emperors. 

6.  While  the  Greek  Church  was  thus  divided,  the  Latin 
uiore  closely  connected  with  the  Popes,  gradually  extended, 
and  when  the  barbarians  invaded  the  empire,  civilized  and  con- 
verted those  fierce  tribes.  In  this  way  France,  England  and 
Spain  were  in  a  manner  twice  converted:  Ireland  and  Scotland 
never  were  conquered  by  Pagans,  but  always  retained  the  faith 
first  planted.  From  these  countries  new  missionaries  went 
forth,  Germany,  Denmark,  Norway  and  Sweden  were  con- 
verted, chiefly  by  English  and  Irish  missionaries,  *vho  pene- 
trated even  to  Iceland,  Greenland,  and  the  continent  of  Ame- 
rica, everywhere  introducing  the  Latin  rite, 

1  The  Greek  Church  penetrated  into  Russia  and  Poland, 
and  translating  their  liturgy  into  Slavonic,  founded  a  new  rite. 
The  Nestorians,  a  heretical   branch  of  the   Church,   showed 


5.  What  soon  disturbed  the  Church?  In  which  part  did  most  arise? 
What  was  the  most  important  heresy  ?  fi.  What  was  the  Latin  Church 
doing  ?  What  countries  were  converted  ?  7.  What  countries  wore  con- 
verted from  Greece?    What  eastern  sect  spread  to  all  parts  of  Ami'! 


260 


FIRST   BOOK   OF  HISTORY. 


)    ■ 


more  activity:  they  penetrated  into  most  Asiatic  countries, 
and  founded  churches  even  in  China,  but  in  no  case  succeeded 
in  converting  eiitire  nations,  as  was  the  case  in  the  west. 

8.  In  all  parts  of  Christendom  monastic  orders  arose  as  piety 
floclined.  Then  persons  wishing  to  lead  a  more  retired  life 
withdrew  to  desert  spots,  as  hermits,  or  assembled  in  houses 
together,  and  binding  themselves  by  vows,  lived  under  rules. 
In  the  east  St.  Anthony  founded  the  first  monasterv,  and  St. 
Basil  drew  up  the  rules  which  now  prevail.  In  the  west  the 
rule  of  St.  Colomb  first  prevailed,  but  that  of  St.  Benedict  soon 
took  its  place.  To  these  monks  is  due  all  the  ancient  learning 
that  we  possess,  as  well  as  many  of  the  greatest  improvements 
in  science  and  art. 

9.  During  the  Middle  Ages  the  bishops  took  part  in  the 
councils  of  the  various  kingdoms,  and  the  kings  claimed  the 
right  of  appointing  clergymen  to  the  various  churches  and  sees. 
This  led  to  great  troubles,  for  the  Popes  manfully  opposed  this 
absurd  claim  of  the  princes,  and  maintained  the  freedom  of  the 
Church.  The  crusades  for  a  time  checked  this,  and  produced 
more  harmony,  and  at  this  time  arose  military  orders,  half 
military,  half  monastic,  such  as  the  Templars,  Hospitallers, 
Teutonic  Knights  and  others.  In  all  these  contentions,  how- 
ever, piety  declined,  until  in  the  twelfth  century  St.  Francis 
and  St.  Dominic  founded  the  mendicant  orders  to  draw  people 
to  piety,  by  preaching,  and  by  the  example  of  their  own  renun- 
ciation of  all  earthly  comfort. 


8.  What  aro?e  in  all  parts  of  Christendom  ?  Who  are  tlie  chief  founders 
of  monastic  life  ?  9.  What  position  did  bishops  occupy  in  the  middle 
ajres?  What  struggle  ensued?  What  produced  harmony  for  a  time? 
What  orders  arose  during  the  crusades  ?    What  orders  were  founded  to 


THE   HISTORY   OF   THE   CnrBCH. 


261 


tic  countries, 
ase  succeeded 
B  west. 

arose  as  piety 
e  retired  life 
lied  in  houses 
1  under  rules. 
steTT,  and  St. 
1  the  west  the 
Benedict  soon 
icieut  learning 
improvements 

)k  part  in  the 
gs  claimed  the 
irches  and  sees. 
iy  opposed  this 
freedom  of  the 
,  and  produced 
y  orders,  half 
,   Hospitallers, 
ntentions,  how- 
ry  St.  Francis 
to  draw  people 
leir  own  renun- 


he  chief  founders 
py  ill  the  micklle 
iiony  for  a  time? 
3  were  founded  to 


10.  In  the  sixteenth  century  the  revival  of  learning  aided 
the  scholastic  disputes,  and  gave  new  cause  of  dissension.  At 
last  Martin  Luther,  a  man  of  great  poi)ular  eloquence,  began 
an  attack  on  the  doctrine  of  indulgences,  and  when  condemned, 
attacked  the  whole  religious  system.  Several  of  the  German 
princes  espoused  his  cause,  and  plundered  and  destroyed  most 
of  the  churches  and  convents,  with  their  libraries  and  schools. 
Henry  YIII.  of  England  quarreled  with  the  Pope,  and  imitated 
their  example,  although  he  did  not  embrace  the  doctrines  of 
Luther.  Zuinglius,  and  after  him,  Calvin,  in  Switzerland,  like 
Luther,  attacked  the  Church,  on  various  points  of  docM-ine, 

11.  These  reformers  all  agreed  in  denying  the  hierarchy  so 
long  acknowledged,  rejected  the  sacrifice  of  the  mass,  and  in  its 
place  substituted  a  service  consisting  simply  of  prayer.  All 
likewise  rejected  the  belief  of  union  in  prayer  with  the  faithful 
departed,  the  validity  of  vows,  or  the  right  of  any  commissioned 
clergy  to  expound  the  gospel. 

12.  From  this  moment  innumerable  sects  arose.  In  Eng- 
land, Denmark,  Norway  and  Sweden,  the  kings  retained  the 
degree  of  bishops;  where  the  people  had  more  power  these 
were  abolished,  as  is  the  case  in  al;  Calvinist  churches,  which 
are  now  the  most  numerous.  Few  of  these  sects  have  any 
settled  doctrines,  except  on  certain  particular  points,  and  people 
easily  pass  from  one  to  another,  there  being  no  duties  of  obliga- 
tion imposed,  as  in  the  Catholic  Church. 

13.  After  the  Reformation  there  arose  in  Catholic  countries 


revive  piety?  10.  What  happened  in  the  sixteenth  century?  "WHiat  did 
the  princes  who  joined  the  reformers  do  ?  11.  In  what  did  the  various  re- 
formers agree?  12.  What  arose  from  the  difference  of  opinion?  What 
can  you  say  of  tlieir  precise  doctrines?  13.  What  arose  in  Catholic 
countries?    What  orders  were  formed?    Did  those  who  embraced  the 


362 


FmST   BOOK   OF   HISTORY. 


gl.-." ' 


W    '■ 

lii' 

hi    ' 


many  holy  men,  who,  by  new  religious  orders  as  the  Jesuits, 
Jjazarists,  Oratorians  and  otiiers,  revived  piety  and  learning, 
and  carried  the  faith  to  foicigf  conntiies.  IM  those  conulries 
where  the  Reformation  triuiaijiu'i,  the  reforiitt  ••  did  not  permit 
such  as  chose  to  adii';re  to  the  ok^  relit,  on,  h(,t  by  penal  laws 
and  persecut'tiu  endeavored  to  extirpate  it  eniirely:  and  many 
thousands  were  put  to  d/'ath  in  Germany,  Sweden,  England, 
Ir  .land  and  Siotland.  In  like  manner  those  countries  which 
remained  Catholic,  jiinishcii  severely  iuiy  .tten.pt  to  introduce 
the  new  opinions.  Ii:  France  the  struggle  wai]  long  and  bloody, 
but  the  Catholic  religion  remained. 

14.  After  the  warn  of  the  ilsformation  came  a  period  of 
iudift'erence  in  most  of  the  northern  countries.  In  England 
several  began  to  avow  and  propagate  Deism,  which  denied  all 
but  the  existence  of  God.  This  spread  to  France,  and  attacks 
on  religion  were  constancy  made  by  infidel  writers,  and  politi- 
cians, who  at  last  obtaintd  the  suppression  of  the  Jesuits,  whom 
they  feared,  and  soon  after  overthrew  all  religion  in  France. 
Since  the  French  revolution  their  wicked  doctrines  have  spread 
into  Italy  and  Spain,  and  a  new  form  of  infidelity,  called 
Rationalism,  has  arisen  in  Germany,  and  these  countries  have 
of  late  been  much  disturbed  by  revolutions,  aimed  chiefly  at 
religion. 

15.  During  the  French  revolution  a  great  persecution  took 
place  ill  France.  Many  holy  bishops,  priests  and  nuns  were 
cruelly  put  to  death,  the  churches  and  convents  destroyed,  and 


new  doctrines  permit  others  to  continue  in  their  old  faith?  14.  What 
ensued  from  the  Reformacion  in  the  north?  What  evil  did  it  produce  in 
France  ?  To  what  countries  has  it  since  spread  ?  15.  What  took  place 
during  the  French  revolution  ?    Who  vvero  put  to  death  ?    Who  waa 


I-- 


THE    HISTORY    OF   TIIK    CIU'RCII, 


203 


he  Jesuits, 
\  learniug, 
;e  couutncs 
not  permit 
penal  luws 
:  and  many 
n,  England, 
iitries  wbieh 
to  introduce 
and  bloody, 

a  period  of 
In  England 
icU  denied  all 
,,  and  attacks 
rs,  and  politi- 
Jesuits,  wliom 
,n  in  France. 
s  have  spread 
delity,  called 
lountries  liave 
ned  cliiefly  at 

•secution  took 
nd  nuns  were 
destroyed,  and 


xith?  U.  What 
did  it  produce  in 
What  took  place 
eath  t    Wlio  ^^■'^'* 


every  effort  made  to  crush  rel'gion,  "Wlien  the  French  con- 
quered Italy  they  imprisoned  Pope  Pius  YI.  till  his  death. 

10.  On  tlie  accession  of  Napoleon  to  tlie  empire  he  restored 
religion  in  France,  but  afterwards  imprisoned  Pope  Pius  VII. 
and  began  to  oppress  the  Church.  For  this  he  was  excommu- 
nicated, and  his  power  from  that  moment  fell. 

l'^.  Since  the  close  of  the  French  revolution  the  most  import- 
ant events  in  the  history  of  the  Church  are  the  rapid  increase 
of  catholicity  in  the  United  States,  the  restoration  of  the 
Society  of  Jesus,  the  great  missions  in  China  and  Oceanica,  and 
the  partial  emancipation  of  the  Catholics  in  the  British  islands. 

18.  Persecutions  have,  however,  been  renewed  of  late  years. 
In  Spain,  soon  after  the  death  of  Ferdinand  VII,  the  new 
government  seized  all  the  church  property,  plundered  the  con- 
vents, and  expelled  the  religious,  banishing  most  of  the  bishops 
for  opposing  their  sacrilege, 

19.  Some  years  later,  the  Protestant  cantons  in  Switzerland 
nmde  war  on  the  Catholic  cantons,  and  at  last  conquering  tlieni 
plundered  the  convents  and  religious  houses,  destroying  the 
liberty  of  the  Catholic  cantons — for  they  are  no  longer  free  to 
follow  their  own  religion;  the  tyrants  even  expelled  the  good 
monks  of  Mount  St.  Bernard,  whose  charity  is  honored  over 
the  whole  world. 

20.  In  1848  great  revolutions  took  place  in  Europe,  and  in 
Italy  a  persecution  of  the  Church  ensued.  Pope  Pius  IX.  was 
imprisoned  in   his  palace,  and  after  seeing   Cardinal  Palma 


imprisoned?  16.  "Who  restored  the  Catholic  religion?  What  was  his 
subsoqiiont  conduct  ?  17.  What  have  boeu  the  most  important  events 
since  the  close  of  the  Freucli  revolution  ?  18.  Wiiat  have  boon  renewed  ? 
What  took  place  in  Spain  on  the  death  of  Ferdinand  VJI.  ?  19.  What 
ook  place  in  Switzerland  ?    Wliat  did  the  tyrants  oven  do  ?    20.  What 


r. 


264 


THE   FIRST   BOOK   OP   HISTORY. 


f 


stabbed  in  his  presence,  escaped  in  disj^uise  to  Naples.  During 
bis  absence  several  hundred  priests  and  religious  were  put  to 
death  in  his  dominions  by  the  republican  party;  but  tliey  were 
finally  subdued  by  Napoleon  III.  and  the  Pope  restored. 

21.  In  the  United  States  the  Catholics  have  been  frequently 
harassed  by  acts  of  violence,  and  a  great  number  of  churches, 
convents  and  houses  occupied  by  Catholics,  have  at  various 
times  been  destroyed,  and  every  attempt  is  made  to  misrepre- 
sent and  blacken  them  in  order  to  deprive  them  of  their  civil 
rights. 

22.  The  most  eminent  persons  who  have  flourished  in  tlio 
Church  in  modern  times  have  been  St.  Ignatius,  the  fouiuler  of 
the  Jesuits;  St.  Philip  Neri,  St.  Francis  Xavier,  St.  Rose  of 
Lima — an  American;  St.  Vincent  of  Paul,  the  founder  of  tlie 
Sisters  of  Charity;  St,  Aphonsus  Liguori,  the  founder  of  tlie 
Re<leniptorists;  Fenelon,  and  many  others. 


took  place  in  1848?  What  happened  to  Plus  IX?  What  occnvrod  in 
his  absence  ?  Who  restored  him  ?  21.  What  has  been  the  position  of  the 
Catholics  in  the  United  States?  22.  Name  some  of  the  most  eminent 
persons  who  have  flourished  in  the  Churcl  in  modern  times. 


• !  i 
1  ill 


if 


I 

If 
I 


t- 


THE     END. 


I    :    I 


Naples.     During 
^ioiis  were  put  to 
;y;  but  they  were 
pc  restored, 
ve  been  frequently 
imber  of  churchea, 
;,  have  at  various 
made  to  misrepvc- 
them  of  their  civil 

J  flourished  in  the 
tius,  the  foujuler  of 
avier,  St.  Hose  of 
the  founder  of  tlie 
the  founder  of   the 


C  ?  What  occurred  in 
iceii  the  posilioii  of  the 
0  of  the  most  omuicnt 
cm  times. 


